Trends over time in enrollment in non-group health insurance plans by tobacco use in the United States

Abstract Objective To assess changes in engagement with online tobacco and electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) marketing (online tobacco marketing) among adolescents in the United States between 2013 and 2015. Methods We assessed the prevalence of six forms of engagement with online tobacco marketing, both overall and by brand, among adolescents sampled in Wave 1 (2013–2014; n = 13651) and Wave 2 (2014–2015; n = 12172) of the nationally representative Population Assessment for Tobacco and Health Study. Engagement was analyzed by tobacco use status: non-susceptible never tobacco users; susceptible never tobacco users; ever tobacco users, but not within the past year; and past-year tobacco users. Results Among all adolescents, the estimated prevalence of engagement with at least one form of online tobacco marketing increased from 8.7% in 2013–2014 to 20.9% in 2014–2015. The estimated prevalence of engagement also increased over time across all tobacco use statuses (eg, from 10.5% to 26.6% among susceptible adolescents). Brand-specific engagement increased over time for cigarette, cigar, and e-cigarette brands. Conclusion Engagement with online tobacco marketing, both for tobacco and e-cigarettes, increased almost twofold over time. This increase emphasizes the dynamic nature of online tobacco marketing and its ability to reach youth. The Food and Drug Administration, in cooperation with social networking sites, should consider new approaches to regulate this novel form of marketing. Implications This is the first study to estimate the national prevalence of engagement with online tobacco marketing among adolescents over time. The estimated prevalence of this engagement approximately doubled between 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 among all adolescents and, notably, among adolescents at relatively low risk to initiate tobacco use. This increase in engagement could represent public health harm if it results in increased initiation and use of tobacco products. Stronger federal regulation of online tobacco marketing and tighter control of access to tobacco-related content by social media sites could reduce adolescents’ exposure to and engagement with online tobacco marketing.

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Trends in Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Conditions at Major Airports in the United States

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology ◽

10.1175/jamc-d-18-0301.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 615-620 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Scott E. Stevens

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Meteorological Conditions ◽

Low Visibility ◽

Timely Fashion ◽

Trends Over Time ◽

Over Time ◽

Surface Observations

AbstractWeather-related delays are among the most common in aviation and are frequently the result of low visibility or cloud ceilings, which cause landing aircraft to be spaced farther apart for safety, reducing the capacity of an airport to land aircraft in a timely fashion. Using 45 years of archived surface observations from 30 of the busiest airports across the United States, the prevalence of low-visibility and low-ceiling conditions is examined, along with the meteorological conditions that support them and the associated trends over time. It is shown that these conditions are becoming less frequent at most locations—for many significantly so—and that this decrease can be seen at all times of day and in all seasons.

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