scholarly journals The Health Effects of Workforce Involvement and Transitions for Europeans 50–75 Years of Age: Heterogeneity by Financial Difficulties and Gender

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Jason Settels
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Working Life ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Senior Adults ◽  
Demographic Trend ◽  
Financial Difficulties ◽  
And Gender

Abstract A prominent demographic trend throughout the industrialized world is population aging. Concerns about economic growth and labour force shortages have led many European nations to enact policies aimed at prolonging working life. Understanding how paid work among late-middle-aged and senior adults is associated with health is therefore important. Using a sample of persons who were 50–75 years of age in 2015 from waves six (2015) and seven (2017) of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (n = 38,884), this study shows how a comprehensive set of six workforce involvement/transitions patterns are associated with health. The results show benefits of paid work, especially among respondents having financial difficulties. There is further heterogeneity by gender. The more fragmented employment histories of 50–75-year-old women are associated with stable paid work being of less benefit for addressing financial difficulties and with their health being especially vulnerable to unemployment while they are undergoing financial troubles.

Social reproduction, gender equality and economic growth

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elissa Braunstein ◽  
Rachid Bouhia ◽  
Stephanie Seguino
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Aggregate Demand ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Empirical Estimates ◽  
Long Run ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The One

Abstract This paper presents a conceptual Kaleckian macroeconomic model and principal component analysis that link structures of economic growth and development with those of social reproduction and gender inequality. Employment, output and long-run prospects for growth are driven by class dynamics as well as social reproduction, defined as the time and money it takes to produce, maintain and invest in the labour force. How social reproduction is organised—the extent to which reproduction takes place in the household, public or market sectors, and the gender distribution of the labour in each—influences current aggregate demand and long-run productivity growth. Based on this model, and using data for a panel of 156 countries between 1991 and 2015, the paper presents empirical estimates of social reproduction regime by country and region, identifying under what circumstances systems of growth on the one hand and social reproduction on the other reinforce or contradict one another.

scholarly journals Families' Employment and Childcare Arrangements

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Podmore
Keyword(s):  
Parental Leave ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Education And Care ◽  
Part Time ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

This study investigated parents' experiences and their views on labour force participation, child care arrangements, and parental leave policies. Participants were 60 families with five-year-old children, selected randomly from 14 schools in the greater Wellington region. This paper focuses on parents' employment experiences, with some reference to parental leave. Many mothers had participated in part-time paid work, and the percentage in full-time paid work increased to 19% by the year the children were four to five years of age. Each year from the child's birth up until school entry, over a third of the fathers were working 50 hours or more per week. A high incidence of participation in the early childhood education and care services was evident. There was a relatively low uptake of parental leave among mother and fathers who were in the paid workforce the year the children were born. Some of the main themes addressed in this paper are: diversity and change, the need for flexibility in workplaces, the impact of long hours of paid work on families, financial constraints, and gender roles.

Some Factors in Growth Reconsidered by Robert Eisner, (Lecture Series No. 21). Athens: Center of Planning and Economic Research, 1966. pp.63.

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-547
Author(s):  
Gunnar Floystad
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Simple Model ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Employment Level ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Lecture Series ◽  
Sustained Rate

Eisner's book contains two lectures which were read at the Center of Planning and Economic Research in Athens. In his first lecture the author raises the question: does a higher level of employment contribute to a more rapid, sustained rate of economic growth? A number of economists, including P.A. Samuelson, A.W. Philips and Harry Johnson, have argued that the positive relation between employment and growth is a transitory phenomenon which occurs only when the employment level changes. By using a simple model of the Harrod-Domar type he shows that the higher the level of employment or, more exactly, the higher the proportion of the labour force employed the greater will be the percentage rate of growth of output.

Three Challenges for the Social Investment Strategy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Myles
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Investment Strategy ◽  
First Century ◽  
Social Investment ◽  
Current Consumption ◽  
The Social ◽  
Post War ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
Wage Outcomes

Three challenges are highlighted in this chapter to the realization of the social investment strategy in our twenty-first-century world. The first such challenge—intertemporal politics—lies in the term ‘investment’, a willingness to forego some measure of current consumption in order to realize often uncertain gains in the future that would not occur otherwise, such as better schooling, employment, and wage outcomes for the next generation. Second, the conditions that enabled our post-war predecessors to invest heavily in future-oriented public goods—a sustained period of economic growth and historically exceptional tolerance for high levels of taxation—no longer obtain. Third, the millennial cohorts who will bear the costs of a new, post-industrial, investment strategy are more economically divided than earlier cohorts and face multiple demands raised by issues such as population aging and global warming, among others.

Gender Differences in the Link Between Marital Status and the Risk of Cognitive Impairment: Results From the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging

2021 ◽  
pp. 009141502110241
Author(s):  
Yujin Kim
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Event History ◽  
Never Married ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Married Men ◽  
And Gender

In the context of South Korea, characterized by increasing population aging and a changing family structure, this study examined differences in the risk of cognitive impairment by marital status and investigated whether this association differs by gender. The data were derived from the 2006–2018 Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging. The sample comprised 7,568 respondents aged 45 years or older, who contributed 30,414 person-year observations. Event history analysis was used to predict the odds of cognitive impairment by marital status and gender. Relative to their married counterparts, never-married and divorced people were the most disadvantaged in terms of cognitive health. In addition, the association between marital status and cognitive impairment was much stronger for men than for women. Further, gender-stratified analyses showed that, compared with married men, never-married men had a higher risk of cognitive impairment, but there were no significant effects of marital status for women.

Future Costs of Long-term Care in Japan and Sweden

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mårten Lagergren ◽  
Noriko Kurube ◽  
Yasuhiko Saito
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Care ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Term Care ◽  
And Gender

Population aging is expected to increase long-term care (LTC) costs in both Japan and Sweden. This study projected LTC costs for 2010 through 2040 for different assumptions of population change, LTC need by age group and gender, and LTC provided per level of need and cost in Japan and Sweden. Population data were taken from the official national forecasts. Needs projections were based on epidemiological data from the Nihon University Japanese Longitudinal Study of Aging and the Swedish Survey of Living Conditions. Data on LTC provision by need and cost were taken from nine Japanese municipalities collected by assessments in the LTC insurance system and from surveys in eight Swedish municipalities. Total initial costs were calibrated to official national figures. Two projections based on two different scenarios were made for each country from 2010 to 2040. The first scenario assumed a constant level of need for LTC by age group and gender, and the other assumed a continuation of the present LTC need trends until 2025. For Japan, this resulted in a projected cost increase of 93% for the one and 80% for the other; for Sweden it was 52% and 24%, respectively. The results reflected differences in population aging and health development.

scholarly journals The Debt Overhang Hypothesis: Evidence from Pakistan

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Imran Shah ◽  
Irfan Ullah ◽  
Zia Ur Rahman ◽  
Nadeem Jan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Dynamic Behaviour ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
External Debt ◽  
Unit Roots ◽  
Debt Overhang ◽  
Debt Burden ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Domestic Labour

AbstractThis study investigates the debt overhang hypothesis for Pakistan in the period 1960-2007. The study examines empirically the dynamic behaviour of GDP, debt services, the employed labour force and investment using the time series concepts of unit roots, cointegration, error correlation and causality. Our findings suggest that debt-servicing has a negative impact on the productivity of both labour and capital, and that in turn has adversely affected economic growth. By severely constraining the ability of the country to service debt, this lends support to the debt-overhang hypothesis in Pakistan. The long run relation between debt services and economic growth implies that future increases in output will drain away in form of high debt service payments to lender country as external debt acts like a tax on output. More specifically, foreign creditors will benefit more from the rise in productivity than will domestic producers and labour. This suggests that domestic labour and capital are the ultimate losers from this heavy debt burden.

scholarly journals Demographics, Migration and Brain Drain in The Danube Region

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-483
Author(s):  
Mirko Savić ◽  
Stojanka Dakić
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Working Life ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
Demographic Indicators ◽  
Active Labour ◽  
Danube Region ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Market Variables

AbstractIn the last two decades we have been witnessing the decrease of population in many countries of the Danube Region. All demographic indicators are unfavourable. Current demographic situation and labour market in the countries of the Danube Region is presented. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effects of demographic decline in the countries of the Danube Region on the key labour market variables and to model their behaviour. Also, the purpose of this paper is to analyse and discuss the possible consequences of demographic decline and the roles of migration and brain drain in the region. The main conclusion is that drop in the population growth is compensated with migration flows and prolongation of working life when it comes to the active labour force in the Danube Region, although population is still a main source of working force.

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