scholarly journals Household composition, smoking cessation and relapse: results from a prospective longitudinal Australian cohort

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karinna Saxby ◽  
Andrew Ireland ◽  
Peter Ghijben ◽  
Rohan Sweeney ◽  
Kah-Ling Sia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

AbstractAimsTo examine the association between household members and their tobacco smoking behaviour on patterns of smoking cessation and relapse.Design and participantsData was sourced from 19 waves (years 2001 to 2019) of the nationally representative Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, with all household members 15 years or older completing the survey annually. The final sample included, on average, 3,056 ex-smokers and 2,612 smokers per wave.MeasurementsSelf-reported annual smoking status was used to construct measures of smoking cessation and relapse. Information on household structure and relationships was then used to develop variables describing the presence of household members and their smoking status by relationship to the individual (i.e., child, parent, spouse, sibling, or other). Multivariate regression analyses were then used to predict the likelihood of smoking cessation and relapse controlling for the presence of other household members and their smoking status, sociodemographic characteristics, number of cigarettes smoked per day, previous quit attempts, and years abstained from smoking.FindingsIndividuals that lived with non-smokers were more likely to quit [OR1.22 (95%CI 1.11;1.34)] relative to those living alone. However, this favourable association was negated if living with another smoker, which was associated with a reduced likelihood of smoking cessation [OR0.77 (95%CI 0.72;0.83)] and a higher likelihood of relapse [1.37 (95%CI 1.22;1.53)]. In particular, living with a spouse or parent that smoked reduced the likelihood of smoking cessation [OR0.71 (95%CI 0.65;0.78) and OR0.71 (95%CI 0.59;0.84), respectively] and increased the likelihood of relapse [OR1.47 (95%CI 1.28;1.69) and OR1.39 (95%CI 1.00;1.94) respectively] relative to living with their non-smoking counterparts.ConclusionsHousehold composition and intrahousehold smoking behaviour should be considered when delivering, or estimating the benefits of, smoking cessation interventions. Interventions which encourage smoking cessation at the household level may assist individuals to quit and abstain from smoking.

scholarly journals ‘I Was Smoking a Lot More during Lockdown Because I Can’: A Qualitative Study of How UK Smokers Responded to the Covid-19 Lockdown

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5816
Author(s):  
Rachel O’Donnell ◽  
Douglas Eadie ◽  
Martine Stead ◽  
Ruaraidh Dobson ◽  
Sean Semple
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Status ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
Health Improvement ◽  
Family Status ◽  
Telephone Interviews ◽  
Quota Sampling ◽  
At Home

This study explored how Covid-19 lockdown restrictions affected people’s daily smoking routines and behaviours, including adherence and modifications to pre-established smoking restrictions in the home. Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with smokers and non-smokers from smoking households 19 to 27 weeks after the first full UK lockdown ended in May 2020. A non-probability purposive sample representing 25 adults aged 21 or over living in households with at least 1 smoker were recruited to the study. A quota sampling strategy was used, according to age, gender, smoking status, family status, household composition, householder access to outdoor space, and change to work-life status. Most participants found lockdown increased the amount of time spent at home, where stresses associated with confinement, curtailment of social routines, removal of barriers and distractions to smoking due to home working, and feelings of boredom all contributed to increased smoking. Fewer factors were identified as reducing smoking during lockdown. Prominent examples included disruption to habitual smoking patterns and distraction from smoking associated with spending more time doing outdoor activities. Pressures placed on physical space and lack of privacy due to the confinement at home were responsible for displacement of smoking within the home, leading to breaking of smoke-free rules and family tensions, and in some cases to greater awareness amongst parents that their children smoked. Changes in daily routines associated with lockdown affected and displaced smoking behaviour both positively and negatively. Health improvement interventions could seek to harness positive changes in smoking associated with any future lockdown approaches. New home-working norms highlight the need for employers to support staff to reduce their smoking and to remain smoke-free.

scholarly journals The Impact of Microfinance on Entrepreneurship in Kyrgyzstan

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamalbek Karymshakov ◽  
Kadyrbek Sultakeev ◽  
Burulcha Sulaimanova
Keyword(s):  
Household Survey ◽  
Binary Response ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Instrumental Variables Estimation ◽  
Binary Response Model ◽  
Main Variable ◽  
Individual Household ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Impact

This paper aims to investigate the impact of microfinance on entrepreneurship in Kyrgyzstan. For estimation the nationally representative "Kyrgyz Integrated Household Survey" for 2013 is used, which covers around 5000 households from all regions in the country. The main variable of interest, the probability of being an entrepreneur of household members depends on individual, household level characteristics and on microfinance loan receiving status. Following the literature, due to the endogeneity issue in using microcredit loan in estimation, this research applies binary response model with instrumental variables. Estimation results show that participation in the micro loan raises the probability of individual to be entrepreneur.

scholarly journals A Study of Rural Females of Faisalabad with Reference to their Knowledge and Practices about Personal Hygiene

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paris Zakaullah ◽  
Zahira Batool ◽  
Muhammad Shabbir
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Knowledge Level ◽  
Interview Schedule ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
The Individual

Purpose: This study was designed to understand knowledge level and practice of personal hygiene of rural women. Methodology:This study was conducted in District Faisalabad. Multistage random sampling was used to select the sample. At initial stage of sampling, two towns (Samundari Town and Tandlianwala Town) were selected randomly out of eight towns of District, Faisalabad. Later on, two union councils from each town were finalized and 2 villages were selected from each (four) union councils. Total eight villages were selected for collecting final sample for study. Sample of four hundred respondents was selected from 8 villages by using Solvin formula. At final stage, convenient sampling technique was used to select the respondents from eight villages of District, Faisalabad. A well established interview schedule was used to collect data from respondents. Data analysis was done by using SPSS. 25 and descriptive statistical techniques were applied to describe summaries of visible characteristics of the dataset. Findings: It was found that majority of rural women have not enough knowledge about personal hygiene and its practice was missed out due to lack of sufficient knowledge. Implications:Keeping in view the importance of personal hygiene practices, it is necessary to take measures to improve the situation. Hygiene and sanitation education at the individual or household level needs to be clear and simple.  

Use of financial diaries to understand smallholder investment finance a cross country analysis in Mozambique, Tanzania and Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-133
Author(s):  
Maria del Puerto Soria ◽  
Emilio Hernandez ◽  
Riccardo Ciacci
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Agricultural Investments

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the relative importance of different sources of finance for agricultural and non-agricultural investments using unique Smallholder Financial Diaries collected by Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) in Mozambique, Pakistan and Tanzania at the individual and household level. Design/methodology/approach Following the analytical framework of variance decomposition developed in Samphantharak and Townsend (2010), this study develops a method to quantify how much each cash deficit associated to investments and expenses of interest co-move with different financing sources. Findings This paper finds that self-finance, rather than formal or informal finance from external providers, is the main financing source for long-term and short-term smallholder agricultural investments. Further, the paper finds that the main source of self-finance varies depending on the economic opportunities faced by smallholders, with non-agricultural income as the dominant financing source for some, while agricultural income dominating for others. Research limitations/implications Given CGAP’s Smallholder Financial Diaries is not nationally representative, research results should be interpreted carefully. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper to analyze financing sources for smallholder households making use of high frequency financial data for individuals in developing countries. Practical implications These findings imply that financial inclusion policies specifically targeting smallholders and the agricultural sector would benefit from enabling the development of an ecosystem of diverse financial services that respond simultaneously to both agriculture and non-agriculture needs. Originality/value This is paper furthers the authors’ knowledge on how smallholder households are financing their agricultural investments. Moreover, it applies methods in new ways to exploit a unique data set.

scholarly journals Social patterning of acute respiratory illnesses in the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) Study 2014–2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan E. Malosh ◽  
Grace A. Noppert ◽  
Jon Zelner ◽  
Emily T. Martin ◽  
Arnold S. Monto
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Working Adults ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Univariate Analyses

AbstractSocial patterning of infectious diseases is increasingly recognised. Previous studies of social determinants of acute respiratory illness (ARI) have found that highly educated and lower income families experience more illnesses. Subjective social status (SSS) has also been linked to symptomatic ARI, but the association may be confounded by household composition. We examined SSS and ARI in the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) Study in 2014–2015. We used SSS as a marker of social disadvantage and created a workplace disadvantage score for working adults. We examined the association between these measures and ARI incidence using mixed-effects Poisson regression models with random intercepts to account for household clustering. In univariate analyses, mean ARI was higher among children <5 years old (P < 0.001), and females (P = 0.004) at the individual level. At the household level, mean ARI was higher for households with at least one child <5 years than for those without (P = 0.002). In adjusted models, individuals in the lowest tertile of SSS had borderline significantly higher rates of ARI than those in the highest tertile (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98–1.92). Households in the lowest tertile of SSS had significantly higher ARI incidence in household-level models (IRR 1.46, 95% CI 1.05–2.03). We observed no association between workplace disadvantage and ARI. We detected an increase in the incidence of ARI for households with low SSS compared with those with high SSS, suggesting that socio-economic position has a meaningful impact on ARI incidence.

scholarly journals Investigating changes in patients’ smoking behaviour, tobacco dependence and motivation to stop smoking following a ‘smoke-free’ mental health inpatient stay: results from a longitudinal survey in England

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom S Ainscough ◽  
Alex Mitchell ◽  
Catherine Hewitt ◽  
Michelle Horspool ◽  
Pete Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Tobacco Dependence ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
Cigarette Consumption ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Adult Mental Health ◽  
Stop Smoking ◽  
Smoking Index

Abstract Introduction In line with national guidance, mental health Trusts in England are implementing complete smokefree policies. We investigated inpatients’ changes in smoking behaviour, tobacco dependence, vaping and motivation to stop smoking between pre-admission and post-discharge. Methods We surveyed acute adult mental health inpatients from 14 wards in three mental health Trusts in England in 2019. Structured face-to-face and telephone interviews with patients who smoked on or during admission were conducted during the admission period and at 1 week and 1 month after discharge. Data on smoking status; daily cigarette consumption; Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI); Strength of Urges to Smoke (SUTS); Motivation to Stop Smoking (MTSS) and vaping were collected and analysed using regression and probit models. Results Inpatient smoking prevalence was 51.9%, and a total of 152 of all 555 eligible smokers (27%) were recruited. Attrition was high: 49.3% at the first, and 50.7% at the second follow-up interview. Changes in self-reported smoking status, motivation to quit and vaping did not change significantly over the study period. Cigarette consumption (p&lt;0.001) and Heaviness of Smoking Index (p&lt;0.001) modestly reduced. Frequency and strength of urges to smoke (p=0.011 and 0.012, respectively) decreased modestly after discharge but were scored as high by 57% and 60% of participants during admission respectively. Just over half (56%) reported being offered smoking cessation support on admission. Conclusions This study identified very modest changes in smoking-related outcomes during and after admission and indicates major challenges to smokefree policy implementation, including limited support for patients who smoke. Implications Despite mental health Trusts in England having developed and implemented smokefree policies to meet national guidelines, adherence to these policies and provision of effective smoking cessation and temporary abstinence support for inpatients admitted to acute adult mental health wards appear to be limited. Patients who smoke on admission are likely to continue to do so during admission and after discharge, and only very modest change in smoking behaviours appears to take place. Important opportunities to promote smoking cessation in this population are missed. Barriers to effective support need to be identified and addressed.

scholarly journals Use of Electronic Cigarettes to Aid Long-Term Smoking Cessation in the United States: Prospective Evidence From the PATH Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 189 (12) ◽  
pp. 1529-1537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruifeng Chen ◽  
John P Pierce ◽  
Eric C Leas ◽  
Martha M White ◽  
Sheila Kealey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Propensity Score Methods ◽  
Continuous Abstinence ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are the preferred smoking-cessation aid in the United States; however, there is little evidence regarding long-term effectiveness among those who use them. We used the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study to compare long-term abstinence between matched US smokers who tried to quit with and without use of e-cigarettes as a cessation aid. We identified a nationally representative cohort of 2,535 adult US smokers in 2014–2015 (baseline assessment), who, in 2015–2016 (exposure assessment), reported a past-year attempt to quit and the cessation aids used, and reported smoking status in 2016–2017 (outcome assessment; self-reported ≥12 months continuous abstinence). We used propensity-score methods to match each e-cigarette user with similar nonusers. Among US smokers who used e-cigarettes to help quit, 12.9% (95% confidence interval (CI): 9.1%, 16.7%) successfully attained long-term abstinence. However, there was no difference compared with matched non–e-cigarette users (cigarette abstinence difference: 2%; 95% CI: −3%, 7%). Furthermore, fewer e-cigarette users were abstinent from nicotine products in the long term (nicotine abstinence difference: −4%; 95% CI: −7%, −1%); approximately two-thirds of e-cigarette users who successfully quit smoking continued to use e-cigarettes. These results suggest e-cigarettes may not be an effective cessation aid for adult smokers and, instead, may contribute to continuing nicotine dependence.

scholarly journals Intra–and inter–household network capital

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 89-106
Author(s):  
Endre Sik
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Household Member ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Household Model ◽  
Household Members ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Reproductive Processes ◽  
Rich Household ◽  
Empirical Analyses

The aim of this paper is to outline the theoretical model of an empirical piece of research we plan to carry out in the next two years. Our model emphasizes the intertwined nature of intra-household processes such as production, consumption, and reproduction. As for intra-household processes, our approach treats household members not as isolated actors but as interrelated within the household. The focus of our analysis is network capital, which (1) on the individual level expresses the activity of a household member in interhousehold networks (e.g. contacting relatives), (2) on the intra-household relational level assesses the position of household members as regards each other (relations among network-poor and network-rich household members), and (3) on the household level refers to the aggregated value and structure of the households’ network capital (e.g. network-poor and network-rich households). The structure of the paper is as follows: after introducing our household concept in general, we outline the alternative concepts of household as a firm and the “container” of reproductive processes. In the next chapters we outline the concept of network capital, and operationalize this idea as an intertwined model of intra- and inter-household processes. Next, we develop an extended household model and incorporate our network capital approach into this. Finally, we outline the next steps we intend to take towards empirically verifying our model by selecting a “best of” collection of previous empirical analyses about inter- and intra-household processes.

scholarly journals Factors Related to Adolescent Smoking: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Study in Thailand

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (E) ◽  
pp. 1267-1272
Author(s):  
Charin Suwanwong ◽  
Romtawan Kalapat ◽  
Siriwan Pitayarangsarit ◽  
Surasak Chaiyasong
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Secondhand Smoke ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Smoking Prevention ◽  
Daily Smoking ◽  
Occasional Smoking ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Exposure To Secondhand Smoke

Objective: This study aimed to explore the individual, familial, and social factors associated with different smoking status in Thai adolescents from the 2017 Cigarette Smoking and Alcohol Drinking Behavior Survey (CSAD) Methods: The nationally representative sample of 6046 adolescents aged 15-19 years who took part in the 2017 CSAD in Thailand. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore the associations between the individual, familial, and social factors and different smoking status.   Results: The daily smoking and occasional smoking was 6.4% and 3.3%, respectively. Gender, alcohol use, substance use, attitudes toward smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke at home, anti-smoking social media campaign, and graphic warning labels were related to both daily and occasional smoking. Daily smoking was associated with exposure to secondhand smoke at school, restaurant, and public transport, and exposure to tobacco advertising. Conclusion: These findings suggest that smoking prevention intervention should particularly focus on these factors and also need to develop the anti-smoking policies for smoking prevention among adolescents.

Personality change and environmental concerns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher James Hopwood ◽  
Ted Schwaba ◽  
Wiebke Bleidorn
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
German Population ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Sustainable Behavior ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

Personal concerns about climate change and the environment are a powerful motivator of sustainable behavior. People’s level of concern varies as a function of a variety of social and individual factors. Using data from 58,748 participants from a nationally representative German sample, we tested preregistered hypotheses about factors that impact concerns about the environment over time. We found that environmental concerns increased modestly from 2009-2017 in the German population. However, individuals in middle adulthood tended to be more concerned and showed more consistent increases in concern over time than younger or older people. Consistent with previous research, Big Five personality traits were correlated with environmental concerns. We present novel evidence that increases in concern were related to increases in the personality traits neuroticism and openness to experience. Indeed, changes in openness explained roughly 50% of the variance in changes in environmental concerns. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the individual level factors associated with changes in environmental concerns over time, towards the promotion of more sustainable behavior at the individual level.

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