scholarly journals ​Determination of Serogroup and Lytic Activities of Bacteriophages Isolated from Phage Plaques in Staphylococcus aureus Cultures Identified from Sheep Milk with Mastitis

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sevil Erdenliğ Gürbilek ◽  
Neval Berrin Arserim ◽  
Osman Yaşar Tel ◽  
Zeynep Sertkaya ◽  
Oktay Keskin
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Horizontal Gene Transfer ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Sheep Milk ◽  
Phage Stock

Backgorund: Bacteriophages are closely related to the evolution and virulence of some important bacterial pathogens. Due to their highly significant roles in pathogenesis and virulence, S. aureus bacteriophages are frequently studied. Bacteriophages are grouped into two main categories depending on their life cycles. There are highly consistently lytic phages (virulent) and temperate phages. This study aimed to isolate bacteriophages and determine their phage serogroups from phage plaques in S. aureus cultures in order to show if they are lytic or lysogenic, the latter plays a major role in horizontal gene transfer. Methods: A total of 234 S. aureus isolates were recovered from milk samples from cases with gangrenous mastitis in sheep. Staphylococcal phages are determined based on the type and serogroup by PCR using specific primers. Result: Our study allowed us to determine serogroups of the isolated bacteriophages. Two phage stock samples included only one serogroup while the others included more than one phage serotypes and needed further purification Fa, L and D serogroups were not determined in the study. Present work revealed that all the isolated phages were temperate phages, which play a highly significant role in horizontal gene transfer.

Genomic Analysis of Citrobacter Portucalensis Sb-2 Identifies a Phage Predation Driven Metalloid Resistance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanshuang Yu ◽  
Zhenchen Xie ◽  
Jigang Yang ◽  
Jinxuan Liang ◽  
YuanPing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Horizontal Gene Transfer ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Genome Analysis ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Resistant Bacterium ◽  
Bacterial Adaptation ◽  
Resistance Determinants

Abstract Bacterial adaptation to extreme environments is often mediated by horizontal gene transfer (HGT). At the same time, phage mediated HGT for conferring bacterial arsenite and antimonite resistance has not been documented before. In this study, a highly arsenite and antimonite resistant bacterium, C. portucalensis strain Sb-2, was isolated and subsequent genome analysis showed that putative arsenite and antimonite resistance determinants were flanked or embedded by prophages. We predict these phage-mediated resistances play a significant role in maintaining genetic diversity within the genus of Citrobacter and are responsible for endowing the corresponding resistances to C. portucalensis strain Sb-2.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of the Unique Wall Teichoic Acid of Staphylococcus aureus Lineage ST395

mBio ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Volker Winstel ◽  
Patricia Sanchez-Carballo ◽  
Otto Holst ◽  
Guoqing Xia ◽  
Andreas Peschel
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Horizontal Gene Transfer ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Glycerol Phosphate ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Wall Teichoic Acids

ABSTRACT The major clonal lineages of the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus produce cell wall-anchored anionic poly-ribitol-phosphate (RboP) wall teichoic acids (WTA) substituted with d-Alanine and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine. The phylogenetically isolated S. aureus ST395 lineage has recently been found to produce a unique poly-glycerol-phosphate (GroP) WTA glycosylated with N-acetyl-d-galactosamine (GalNAc). ST395 clones bear putative WTA biosynthesis genes on a novel genetic element probably acquired from coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). We elucidated the ST395 WTA biosynthesis pathway and identified three novel WTA biosynthetic genes, including those encoding an α-O-GalNAc transferase TagN, a nucleotide sugar epimerase TagV probably required for generation of the activated sugar donor substrate for TagN, and an unusually short GroP WTA polymerase TagF. By using a panel of mutants derived from ST395, the GalNAc residues carried by GroP WTA were found to be required for infection by the ST395-specific bacteriophage Φ187 and to play a crucial role in horizontal gene transfer of S. aureus pathogenicity islands (SaPIs). Notably, ectopic expression of ST395 WTA biosynthesis genes rendered normal S. aureus susceptible to Φ187 and enabled Φ187-mediated SaPI transfer from ST395 to regular S. aureus. We provide evidence that exchange of WTA genes and their combination in variable, mosaic-like gene clusters have shaped the evolution of staphylococci and their capacities to undergo horizontal gene transfer events. IMPORTANCE The structural highly diverse wall teichoic acids (WTA) are cell wall-anchored glycopolymers produced by most Gram-positive bacteria. While most of the dominant Staphylococcus aureus lineages produce poly-ribitol-phosphate WTA, the recently described ST395 lineage produces a distinct poly-glycerol-phosphate WTA type resembling the WTA backbone of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Here, we analyzed the ST395 WTA biosynthesis pathway and found new types of WTA biosynthesis genes along with an evolutionary link between ST395 and CoNS, from which the ST395 WTA genes probably originate. The elucidation of ST395 WTA biosynthesis will help to understand how Gram-positive bacteria produce highly variable WTA types and elucidate functional consequences of WTA variation.

scholarly journals Ecological Overlap and Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1313-1328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Méric ◽  
Maria Miragaia ◽  
Mark de Been ◽  
Koji Yahara ◽  
Ben Pascoe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Horizontal Gene Transfer ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis
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