Incidence, Spatial Pattern and Temporal Progress of Fusarium Wilt of Bananas

The effective management of Fusarium wilt of bananas (FW) depends on the knowledge of the disease dynamics in time and space. The objectives of this work were: To estimate disease intensity and impact, and to investigate the spatial and temporal dynamic of FW. Fields planted with Silk (n = 10), Pome (n = 17) or Cavendish (n = 3) banana subgroups were surveyed in Brazil, totaling 95 ha. In each field, all plants were visually assessed and diseased plants were georeferenced. The incidence of FW and the impact of the disease on yield on a regional scale were estimated. Spatial patterns were analyzed using quadrat- and distance-based methods. FW incidence ranged from 0.09 to 41.42%, being higher in Silk fields (median = 14.26%). Impacts of epidemics on yield ranged from 18.4 to 8,192.5 kg.ha-1.year-1, with a median of 935.2 kg.ha-1.year-1. The higher economic impact of the disease was observed on Silk cultivar with a median loss of US$ 910.5 ha-1.year-1. Overall, estimated losses increased on average by US$ 109.8 ha-1.year-1 at each 1% of incidence. Aggregation of FW was detected by all analytical methods in 13 fields (1 of Cavendish, 11 of Pome and 1 of Silk). In the other 17 fields, at least one analytical method did not reject the null hypothesis of randomness. One field (5 ha), composed of six plots, was selected for spatial and temporal studies during two years with bi-monthly assessments. A sigmoidal curve represented the FW progress and the Gompertz model best fitted disease progress. The level of aggregation varied over time, and evidence of secondary infection to neighboring and distant plants were detected. FW is a widespread problem in Brazil and yield losses can be of high magnitude. Epidemiology-based management strategies can now be better established.

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Incidence, Spatial Pattern and Temporal Progress of Fusarium Wilt of Bananas

Journal of Fungi ◽

10.3390/jof7080646 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 646

Author(s):

Daniel W. Heck ◽

Miguel Dita ◽

Emerson M. Del Ponte ◽

Eduardo S. G. Mizubuti

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Wilt ◽

Temporal Dynamics ◽

Secondary Infection ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Gompertz Model ◽

Spatial And Temporal Dynamics ◽

Sigmoidal Curve ◽

Average Loss ◽

The Impact

The effective management of Fusarium wilt of bananas (FWB) depends on the knowledge of the disease dynamics in time and space. The objectives of this work were: to estimate disease intensity and impact, and to investigate the spatial and temporal dynamics of FWB. Fields planted with Silk (n = 10), Pome (n = 17), or Cavendish (n = 3) banana subgroups were surveyed in Brazil, totaling 95 ha. In each field, all plants were visually assessed, and diseased plants were georeferenced. The incidence of FWB and the impact of the disease on the yield on a regional scale were estimated. Spatial patterns were analyzed using quadrat- and distance-based methods. FWB incidence ranged from 0.09% to 41.42%, being higher in Silk fields (median = 14.26%). Impacts of epidemics on yield ranged from 18.4 to 8192.5 kg ha−1 year−1, with an average of 1856.7 kg ha−1 year−1. The higher economic impact of the disease was observed on Silk cultivar with an average loss of USD 1974.2 ha−1 year−1. Overall, estimated losses increased on average by USD 109.8 ha−1 year−1 at each 1% of incidence. Aggregation of FWB was detected by all analytical methods in 13 fields (1 of Cavendish, 11 of Pome, and 1 of Silk). In the other 17 fields, at least one analytical method did not reject the null hypothesis of randomness. One field (5 ha), composed of six plots, was selected for spatial and temporal studies during two years with bi-monthly assessments. A sigmoidal curve represented the FWB progress and the Gompertz model best-fitted disease progress. The level of aggregation varied over time, and evidence of secondary infection to neighboring and distant plants was detected. FWB is a widespread problem in Brazil and yield losses can be of high magnitude. Epidemiology-based management strategies can now be better established.

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Behavioral Impacts Associated With Students With Disabilities in Australian Schools

10.4018/978-1-6684-3542-7.ch068 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 1268-1294

Author(s):

Anthony Charles Tencati

Keyword(s):

Students With Disabilities ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Effective Management ◽

Australian School ◽

School Students ◽

Australian Curriculum ◽

Curriculum Assessment ◽

Large Numbers ◽

A Priority ◽

The Impact

This chapter explores the link between students with disabilities, the behaviours they exhibit, the impact this has on their schooling, and the impact upon others. The author's school has a population of about 1,000 students, of whom over 10 percent have verified disabilities. According to Education Council (2016), data regarding the number of students with disabilities is inconsistent between schools in Australia's states and territories, however, there are schools throughout Australia that have large numbers of students with verified disabilities. This is reinforced by the Australian Curriculum Assessment and Reporting Authority (2018) where in 2017 there were about 18.8 percent of Australian school students with a verified disability. It is not surprising, therefore, that these statistics are concerning and research continues to be a priority. Identifying appropriate pedagogies and more effective management strategies for these students will benefit them, their families, and the community, and contribute to solving pressing issues in these students' lives.

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Seed Biology of Witchgrass (Panicum capillare L.) Ensures Its Success Under Different Environmental Conditions

Frontiers in Agronomy ◽

10.3389/fagro.2021.657785 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

Author(s):

Hanwen Wu ◽

Md Asaduzzaman ◽

Adam Shephard ◽

Xiaoyan Ma

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Moisture Stress ◽

Effective Management ◽

Weed Species ◽

Seed Biology ◽

Control Climate ◽

South Wales ◽

Emergence Patterns ◽

The Impact

Witchgrass (Panicum capillare L.) is a summer growing grass weed species and is increasing its prevalence in southern Australia. A better understanding of the seed biology is needed to effectively manage this weed. A series of field and laboratory studies were conducted to determine seed germination factors, field emergence patterns, and soil seedbank longevity. Witchgrass germination was stimulated by light and it germinated better at temperature over 20°C, with 93–100% germination at the two constant temperatures of 20 and 30°C, and the two alternating day/night temperatures of 30/25 and 35/25°C. It is highly tolerant to moisture stress at germination, with 2–7% germination even at −0.48 Mpa. Witchgrass seed lost 47–68% viability after 12 months of burial in the soil, however the seed persisted for more than 4 years if buried at 10 cm in the soil. Witchgrass emergence in southern New South Wales (NSW) commenced in mid spring (early October), with peak emergence of 63–83% in November and then significantly reduced to 16–37% emergence in December. Little emergence (<1%) occurred in the summer months from January to February. These results provide useful information for designing effective management strategies and the optimum timing of control. Climate change could favor the phenological development and the further spread of this weed, which present new challenges for its effective management. Further study is needed to investigate the impact of climate change on the biology, spread, and management of witchgrass.

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Behavioral Impacts Associated With Students With Disabilities in Australian Schools

Advances in Early Childhood and K-12 Education - Inclusive Theory and Practice in Special Education ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-2901-0.ch004 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 54-80

Author(s):

Anthony Charles Tencati

Keyword(s):

Students With Disabilities ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Effective Management ◽

Australian School ◽

School Students ◽

Australian Curriculum ◽

Curriculum Assessment ◽

Large Numbers ◽

A Priority ◽

The Impact

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Managing the Environmental Impact of Information Technology

Encyclopedia of Information Ethics and Security ◽

10.4018/978-1-59140-987-8.ch064 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 433-439

Author(s):

Laurel Evelyn Dyson

Keyword(s):

Information Technology ◽

Environmental Impact ◽

Computer Technology ◽

Ecological Impact ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Holistic Approach ◽

Manufacturing Processes ◽

Effective Management ◽

The Impact

This article explores a much under-researched field of ethics: the impact of information technology (IT) on the environment. Reducing the ecological impact of IT requires a holistic approach including better design of computers, the development of non-polluting manufacturing processes, and effective management strategies. The latter have received much attention in recent years. The three main areas of management focus have been the problems of hardware disposal, the energy consumed by computer technology in operation, and paper usage by printers and photocopiers.

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Citrus Greening: Management Strategies and Their Economic Impact

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci14696-19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (5) ◽

pp. 604-612

Author(s):

Sheng Li ◽

Feng Wu ◽

Yongping Duan ◽

Ariel Singerman ◽

Zhengfei Guan

Keyword(s):

Broad Spectrum ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Citrus Greening ◽

Effective Strategy ◽

Effective Management ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Citrus Huanglongbing ◽

The Impact ◽

Citrus Disease

Citrus huanglongbing (HLB), or greening, is the most destructive citrus disease worldwide and is threatening the sustainability of the industry in major citrus-growing regions. Various treatments have been proposed in the literature to manage the disease. We review such literature and conduct an economic analysis based on the reported treatment effects on fruit yield and quality to identify cost-effective management strategies. Our results suggest that, among the treatments we reviewed, broad-spectrum insecticides provide the only cost-effective strategy for mitigating the impact of the disease. Our findings and discussion should help growers, policymakers, and other stakeholders make informed decisions in the search for effective, sustainable, and environmentally friendly treatments and policies against HLB.

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Teachers' Views on the Impact of Classroom Management on Student Responsibility

Australian Journal of Education ◽

10.1177/000494411105500204 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 132-146 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Joel Roache ◽

Ramon (Rom) Lewis

Keyword(s):

Secondary School ◽

Classroom Management ◽

Secondary School Teachers ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Effective Management ◽

Management Styles ◽

School Teachers ◽

Student Responsibility ◽

The Impact

This article examines teachers' views of their management styles, classified as either ‘coercive’ or ‘relationship’ -based, for 145 primary and 363 secondary school teachers in Victoria, Australia. It finds that management that combines punishment with aggressive and hostile behaviour can exacerbate misbehaviour and increase student distraction. In contrast a combination of rewards and punishments, set in a context of discussion, validation of appropriate behaviour, involvement and trust, will encourage student responsibility and reduce misbehaviour. This study seeks to extend upon a 2001 study that reported generally similar findings from the reports of 3500 students attending the same schools as the teachers whose views are reported in this article. The discussion considers the most effective management strategies for reducing student misbehaviour and distraction, comparing both students' and teachers' views, as well as techniques that increase student responsibility and protection of rights, emphasising techniques and strategies that involve the use of recognition and rewards.

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Immunization Strategies for Funding Multiple Inflation-Linked Retirement Income Benefits

Risks ◽

10.3390/risks9040060 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 60

Author(s):

Cláudia Simões ◽

Luís Oliveira ◽

Jorge M. Bravo

Keyword(s):

Interest Rate ◽

Yield Curve ◽

Risk Measure ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Interest Rate Risk ◽

Insurance Companies ◽

Retirement Income ◽

Investment Strategies ◽

Immunization Strategies ◽

The Impact

Protecting against unexpected yield curve, inflation, and longevity shifts are some of the most critical issues institutional and private investors must solve when managing post-retirement income benefits. This paper empirically investigates the performance of alternative immunization strategies for funding targeted multiple liabilities that are fixed in timing but random in size (inflation-linked), i.e., that change stochastically according to consumer price or wage level indexes. The immunization procedure is based on a targeted minimax strategy considering the M-Absolute as the interest rate risk measure. We investigate to what extent the inflation-hedging properties of ILBs in asset liability management strategies targeted to immunize multiple liabilities of random size are superior to that of nominal bonds. We use two alternative datasets comprising daily closing prices for U.S. Treasuries and U.S. inflation-linked bonds from 2000 to 2018. The immunization performance is tested over 3-year and 5-year investment horizons, uses real and not simulated bond data and takes into consideration the impact of transaction costs in the performance of immunization strategies and in the selection of optimal investment strategies. The results show that the multiple liability immunization strategy using inflation-linked bonds outperforms the equivalent strategy using nominal bonds and is robust even in a nearly zero interest rate scenario. These results have important implications in the design and structuring of ALM liability-driven investment strategies, particularly for retirement income providers such as pension schemes or life insurance companies.

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Understanding the Impact of Different Landscape-Level Fuel Management Strategies on Wildfire Hazard in Central Portugal

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12050522 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 522

Author(s):

Akli Benali ◽

Ana C. L. Sá ◽

João Pinho ◽

Paulo M. Fernandes ◽

José M. C. Pereira

Keyword(s):

Management Strategies ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Fire Season ◽

Burned Area ◽

Treatment Area ◽

Fuel Treatment ◽

The North ◽

Wildfire Hazard ◽

Central Portugal ◽

The Impact

The extreme 2017 fire season in Portugal led to widespread recognition of the need for a paradigm shift in forest and wildfire management. We focused our study on Alvares, a parish in central Portugal located in a fire-prone area, which had 60% of its area burned in 2017. We evaluated how different fuel treatment strategies may reduce wildfire hazard in Alvares through (i) a fuel break network with different extents corresponding to different levels of priority and (ii) random fuel treatments resulting from a potential increase in stand-level management intensity. To assess this, we developed a stochastic wildfire simulation system (FUNC-SIM) that integrates uncertainties in fuel distribution over the landscape. If the landscape remains unchanged, Alvares will have large burn probabilities in the north, northeast and center-east areas of the parish that are very often associated with high fireline intensities. The different fuel treatment scenarios decreased burned area between 12.1–31.2%, resulting from 1–4.6% increases in the annual treatment area and reduced the likelihood of wildfires larger than 5000 ha by 10–40%. On average, simulated burned area decreased 0.22% per each ha treated, and cost-effectiveness decreased with increasing area treated. Overall, both fuel treatment strategies effectively reduced wildfire hazard and should be part of a larger, holistic and integrated plan to reduce the vulnerability of the Alvares parish to wildfires.

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