Pathophysiologic Mechanisms of Three Pulmonary Edemagenic Compounds: The Role of Toxic Oxygen Species.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), an important molecule inducing oxidative stress in organisms, play a key role in tumorigenesis, tumor progression and recurrence. Recent findings on ROS have shown that ROS can be used to treat cancer as they accelerate the death of tumor cells. At present, pro-oxidant drugs that are intended to increase ROS levels of the tumor cells have been widely used in the clinic. However, ROS are a double-edged sword in the treatment of tumors. High levels of ROS induce not only the death of tumor cells but also oxidative damage to normal cells, especially bone marrow hemopoietic cells, which leads to bone marrow suppression and (or) other side effects, weak efficacy of tumor treatment and even threatening patients’ life. How to enhance the killing effect of ROS on tumor cells while avoiding oxidative damage to the normal cells has become an urgent issue. This study is a review of the latest progress in the role of ROS-mediated programmed death in tumor treatment and prevention and treatment of oxidative damage in bone marrow induced by ROS.

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The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species, Kinases, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Nitric Oxide in the Regulation of Autophagy and Their Impact on Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in the Heart

Current Cardiology Reviews ◽

10.2174/1573403x16666201014142446 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

Andrey Krylatov ◽

Leonid Maslov ◽

Sergey Y. Tsibulnikov ◽

Nikita Voronkov ◽

Alla Boshchenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Reactive Oxygen Species ◽

Hydrogen Sulfide ◽

Ischemia Reperfusion ◽

Reactive Oxygen ◽

Ischemia And Reperfusion ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Ischemia And Reperfusion Injury ◽

Adaptive Process

: There is considerable evidence in the heart that autophagy in cardiomyocytes is activated by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) or in hearts by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Depending upon the experimental model and duration of ischemia, increases in autophagy in this setting maybe beneficial (cardioprotective) or deleterious (exacerbate I/R injury). Aside from the conundrum as to whether or not autophagy is an adaptive process, it is clearly regulated by a number of diverse molecules including reactive oxygen species (ROS), various kinases, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO). The purpose this review is to address briefly the controversy regarding the role of autophagy in this setting and to examine a variety of disparate molecules that are involved in its regulation.

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Role of Natural Antioxidants on Neuroprotection and Neuroinflammation

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10040608 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 608

Author(s):

Domenico Nuzzo

Keyword(s):

Reactive Oxygen Species ◽

Energy Metabolism ◽

Respiratory Chain ◽

Reactive Oxygen ◽

Natural Antioxidants ◽

Oxygen Species

All cells continuously generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the respiratory chain during the energy metabolism process [...]

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ROS Defense Systems and Terminal Oxidases in Bacteria

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10060839 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 839

Author(s):

Vitaliy B. Borisov ◽

Sergey A. Siletsky ◽

Martina R. Nastasi ◽

Elena Forte

Keyword(s):

Defense Mechanisms ◽

Protective Role ◽

Superoxide Dismutases ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Ros Scavenging ◽

Terminal Oxidases ◽

Defense Systems ◽

Respiratory Chains ◽

Scavenging Enzymes

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) comprise the superoxide anion (O2·−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (·OH), and singlet oxygen (1O2). ROS can damage a variety of macromolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids, and compromise cell viability. To prevent or reduce ROS-induced oxidative stress, bacteria utilize different ROS defense mechanisms, of which ROS scavenging enzymes, such as superoxide dismutases, catalases, and peroxidases, are the best characterized. Recently, evidence has been accumulating that some of the terminal oxidases in bacterial respiratory chains may also play a protective role against ROS. The present review covers this role of terminal oxidases in light of recent findings.

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Multifunctional Role of Chitosan Edible Coatings on Antioxidant Systems in Fruit Crops: A Review

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22052633 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (5) ◽

pp. 2633

Author(s):

Giuseppina Adiletta ◽

Marisa Di Matteo ◽

Milena Petriccione

Keyword(s):

State Of The Art ◽

Antioxidant Systems ◽

Edible Coatings ◽

Ros Production ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Fruit Crops ◽

Oxidative Damages ◽

Film Forming ◽

Anti Oxidant

Chitosan-based edible coatings represent an eco-friendly and biologically safe preservative tool to reduce qualitative decay of fresh and ready-to-eat fruits during post-harvest life due to their lack of toxicity, biodegradability, film-forming properties, and antimicrobial actions. Chitosan-based coatings modulate or control oxidative stress maintaining in different manner the appropriate balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in fruit cells, by the interplay of pathways and enzymes involved in ROS production and the scavenging mechanisms which essentially constitute the basic ROS cycle. This review is carried out with the aim to provide comprehensive and updated over-view of the state of the art related to the effects of chitosan-based edible coatings on anti-oxidant systems, enzymatic and non-enzymatic, evaluating the induced oxidative damages during storage in whole and ready-to-eat fruits. All these aspects are broadly reviewed in this review, with particular emphasis on the literature published during the last five years.

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