scholarly journals The Association between Economic Inequality and Adolescents' Prosocial Behavior: Evidence from Brain Potentials and Genes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin-Xin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Latent Growth ◽  
Correlational Approach ◽  
Related Potentials

The inherent neural mechanism in prosocial behavior and its developmental trajectory are inadequately understood. To address the above gaps, a two-pronged empirical approach, such as experimental approach (e.g., evidence from event-related potentials) and longitudinal questionnaire approach (e.g., latent growth model), is urgently needed to depict a more complete picture of this phenomenon. While both the experimental approach and the correlational approach have their strengths and limitations, they complement one another. In study 1, I sought to replicate prior research and reexamine the relation between SES and adolescents' prosocial behaviors in the ERPs experiment. In study 2, I intend to establish empirical support for the interaction between economic inequality and SES on adolescents' prosocial behavior and the underlying neural mechanism. In these studies, I manipulate the economic inequality and SES in the laboratory experiment to draw causal inferences. Considering the limited external validity of the experiment, study 3 aims to provide longitudinal support for the processing mechanism that explains how economic inequality and SES affect the developmental trajectory of adolescents' prosocial behavior.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of the digital socio-emotional competence training Zirkus Empathico in preschoolers: A randomized controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Naumann ◽  
Mareike Bayer ◽  
Simone Kirst ◽  
Elke van der Meer ◽  
Isabel Dziobek
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Related Potentials

The development of socio-emotional competencies (SEC) has proven key for school and life success as well as for preventing mental illness. Digital SEC trainings create new ways to strengthen children’s mental health especially in times of disrupted childcare and subsequent increase of mental health problems due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the potential benefits, few studies examined the effectiveness of digital SEC trainings in young children. In a six-week study, we tested the digital SEC training Zirkus Empathico with four- to six-year-old typically developing children (N = 60) using parent and child SEC ratings as well as EEG. The registered primary outcome was empathy (GEM, EMK 3-6); secondary outcomes included emotion knowledge (EMK 3-6), prosocial behavior (SDQ), reduction of problematic behaviors (SDQ), and children’s neural sensitivity to facial expressions quantified with early (P1, N170) and late (P3) event-related potentials. Compared to age- and gender-matched controls (N = 30), the Zirkus Empathico group (N = 30) showed increases in empathy, emotion recognition, prosocial behavior and reduced behavioral problems post-training and increases in empathy in a three months follow-up. Zirkus Empathico participants had larger P3 amplitudes for happy vs. neutral facial expressions, whereas larger P3 amplitudes for angry vs. neutral facial expressions were found for controls. Given the training group’s improvements across behavioral measures, Zirkus Empathico may be a promising digital SEC training. EEG results seem to corroborate behavioral findings: The training group allocated more neural resources toward happy faces potentially indicative of training-induced, accelerated maturation regarding the regulation of positive emotional states.

Neural Mechanism and Representation of English and Chinese Metaphors of Bilinguals with Different Second Language Proficiency: An ERP Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-83
Author(s):  
Qian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Second Language Proficiency ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Language Input ◽  
Metaphor Processing

AbstractBrain mechanism of metaphor processing has always been a focus in Neurolinguistics. This study approaches bilinguals’ metaphor semantic representation mechanism with Chinese bilinguals with different levels of second language proficiency by means of ERP (Event-related Potentials) technology. The experiment results showed that: 1) Both hemispheres collaborate in metaphor processing with the left hemisphere serving a leading semantic recognition role. The left hemisphere is more sensitive to first language input, while the right hemisphere is more active to second language input. 2) Compared with Chinese learners of higher proficiency in L2, learners of lower proficiency tend to adopt more Chinese neural mechanism in processing English metaphors. 3) When learners process metaphors, the neural mechanism difference of learners of higher proficiency is smaller than that of those of lower proficiency. The higher the second language proficiency, the higher the degree of common representation of Chinese and English metaphor.

scholarly journals Electrophysiological Studies of Face Perception in Humans

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 551-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shlomo Bentin ◽  
Truett Allison ◽  
Aina Puce ◽  
Erik Perez ◽  
Gregory McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Face Perception ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Temporal Region ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Right ◽  
Human Faces

Event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with face perception were recorded with scalp electrodes from normal volunteers. Subjects performed a visual target detection task in which they mentally counted the number of occurrences of pictorial stimuli from a designated category such as butterflies. In separate experiments, target stimuli were embedded within a series of other stimuli including unfamiliar human faces and isolated face components, inverted faces, distorted faces, animal faces, and other nonface stimuli. Human faces evoked a negative potential at 172 msec (N170), which was absent from the ERPs elicited by other animate and inanimate nonface stimuli. N170 was largest over the posterior temporal scalp and was larger over the right than the left hemisphere. N170 was delayed when faces were presented upside-down, but its amplitude did not change. When presented in isolation, eyes elicited an N170 that was significantly larger than that elicited by whole faces, while noses and lips elicited small negative ERPs about 50 msec later than N170. Distorted human faces, in which the locations of inner face components were altered, elicited an N170 similar in amplitude to that elicited by normal faces. However, faces of animals, human hands, cars, and items of furniture did not evoke N170. N170 may reflect the operation of a neural mechanism tuned to detect (as opposed to identify) human faces, similar to the “structural encoder” suggested by Bruce and Young (1986). A similar function has been proposed for the face-selective N200 ERP recorded from the middle fusiform and posterior inferior temporal gyri using subdural electrodes in humans (Allison, McCarthy, Nobre, Puce, & Belger, 1994c). However, the differential sensitivity of N170 to eyes in isolation suggests that N170 may reflect the activation of an eye-sensitive region of cortex. The voltage distribution of N170 over the scalp is consistent with a neural generator located in the occipitotemporal sulcus lateral to the fusiform/inferior temporal region that generates N200.

scholarly journals Neural Bases of Brand Reputation Effect on Extension Evaluation: An ERPs Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Liu ◽  
Zhijie Song ◽  
Rui Shi
Keyword(s):  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Brand Extension ◽  
Perceived Fit ◽  
Brand Reputation ◽  
Joint Influence ◽  
Corporate Ability ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Brand Extension Evaluation ◽  
Extension Evaluation

Brand extension, as a marketing strategy, is frequently utilized by enterprises to produce new products. There exist several critical factors determining its success, such as brand reputation and perceived fit. The present study adopts the event-related potentials (ERPs) method to explore the underlying neural mechanism of the joint influence of the two factors on consumers’ evaluation of brand extension. Specifically, consumers were presented with a brand with corporate social responsibility (CSR) or corporate ability (CA) reputation, following attached to an extension product (high fit vs. low fit). And then, they were given a 5-point scale to report their acceptance intention (AI) toward the brand extension. Behavioral data showed a higher AI and a shorter reaction time for high fit in contrast to low fit conditions. For low fit conditions, consumers were more inclined to accept the extension product with a brand with CSR than CA reputation. Neurophysiologically, CSR reputation evoked a larger P2 amplitude and LPP amplitude than CA reputation. Moreover, the low fit conditions elicited a more positive LPP amplitude than the high fit conditions in the context of a brand with a CSR reputation. Yet, for a brand with a CA reputation, the effect of perceived fit was not found. These results may reflect early attention resources engagement and altruistic motivation at the late stage during brand extension evaluation. The findings provided neurological evidence for which of the two types of brand reputation (CSR vs. CA) have a more positive effect on brand extension.

Event-related potentials technique using in affective fashion design

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-91
Author(s):  
Jia Lü ◽  
Dongsheng Chen ◽  
Yue Sui
Keyword(s):  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Emotional Reaction ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Fashion Design ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Related Potentials

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to utilize the spontaneous brain potentials as an index to quantifying the consumers’ inner emotions, and propose an objective method to obtain the clothing recognitions of consumers by only monitoring brain activities. Design/methodology/approach – Different styles of men’s casual jacket were studied as a case. The research included four phases: first, stimuli samples were constructed by clustering algorithm. Second, self-report for the perception of stimuli samples were recorded by self-assessment manikin. Third, real-time brain potentials while viewing stimuli samples were recorded and analyzed. Finally, the output data were compared with the classical research achievements of visual evoked emotional ERPs to examine the effectiveness. Findings – The results indicated significant difference in main effect of different emotional categories which was identified a corresponding relationship between the emotional trigger and the emotional reaction, of which the early components were the typical components that provided the major physiology characteristics for emotional fashion design. The middle components could be used as the assist reference indexes. The negative stimuli were first noticed because its shorter processing times and larger amplitudes. The comparison confirmed that the proposed method was capable of quantifying cognitive activities of consumers by only monitoring brain activities and then transferred the analyzed data to the design references. Originality/value – The results quantifying the qualities of consumers’ emotional preference for men’ casual jackets based on the neural mechanism of human brain, which could eliminate the systematic biases associated with the uses of words and semantic comprehension in self-report methods. The proposed method may help to enrich and complete the sentimental fashion design for the cognitive experience of consumer oriented. Moreover, it also could be beneficial to optimize design process and improve efficiency and core competitiveness for clothing producers.

A Temporal Dissociation of Subliminal versus Supraliminal Fear Perception: An Event-related Potential Study

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belinda J. Liddell ◽  
Leanne M. Williams ◽  
Jennifer Rathjen ◽  
Howard Shevrin ◽  
Evian Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Backward Masking ◽  
Emotional Processes ◽  
Detailed Evaluation ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Excitatory Component ◽  
Temporal Model

Current theories of emotion suggest that threat-related stimuli are first processed via an automatically engaged neural mechanism, which occurs outside conscious awareness. This mechanism operates in conjunction with a slower and more comprehensive process that allows a detailed evaluation of the potentially harmful stimulus (LeDoux, 1998). We drew on the Halgren and Marinkovic (1995) model to examine these processes using event-related potentials (ERPs) within a backward masking paradigm. Stimuli used were faces with fear and neutral (as baseline control) expressions, presented above (supraliminal) and below (subliminal) the threshold for conscious detection. ERP data revealed a double dissociation for the supraliminal versus subliminal perception of fear. In the subliminal condition, responses to the perception of fear stimuli were enhanced relative to neutral for the N2 “excitatory” component, which is thought to represent orienting and automatic aspects of face processing. By contrast, supraliminal perception of fear was associated with relatively enhanced responses for the late P3 “inhibitory” component, implicated in the integration of emotional processes. These findings provide evidence in support of Halgren and Marinkovic's temporal model of emotion processing, and indicate that the neural mechanisms for appraising signals of threat may be initiated, not only automatically, but also without the need for conscious detection of these signals.

scholarly journals Neural Mechanisms of Reward-by-Cueing Interactions: ERP Evidence

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xian Li ◽  
Meichen Zhang ◽  
Lulu Wu ◽  
Qin Zhang ◽  
Ping Wei
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Localization Task ◽  
Exogenous Cueing ◽  
High Reward ◽  
Related Potentials

Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to the phenomenon that a person is slower to respond to targets at a previously cued location. The present study aimed to explore whether target-reward association is subject to IOR, using event-related potentials (ERPs) to explore the underlying neural mechanism. Each participant performed a localization task and a color discrimination task in an exogenous cueing paradigm, with the targets presented in colors (green/red) previously associated with high- or low-reward probability. The results of both tasks revealed that the N1, Nd, and P3 components exhibited differential amplitudes between cued and uncued trials (i.e., IOR) under low reward, with the N1 and Nd amplitudes being enhanced for uncued trials compared to cued trials, and the P3 amplitude being enhanced for cued trials vs. uncued trials. Under high reward, however, no difference was found between the amplitudes on cued and uncued trials for any of the components. These findings demonstrate that targets that were previously associated with high reward can be resistant to IOR and the current results enrich the evidence for interactions between reward-association and attentional orientation in the cueing paradigm.

scholarly journals Sensitivity to face animacy and inversion in childhood: Evidence from EEG data

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie Bayet ◽  
Alyson Saville ◽  
Benjamin Balas
Keyword(s):  
Face Processing ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Behavioral Deficits ◽  
Processing Strategies ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
High Level ◽  
Multivariate Pattern ◽  
Human Faces

Adults exhibit behavioral deficits in processing inanimate, artificial faces compared to real human faces, with implications for using artificial faces in research and designing artificial social agents. However, the developmental trajectory of inanimate face perception is unknown. Here, we used electroencephalography to investigate inanimate faces processing in cross-sectional groups of 5-10-year-old children and adults. A face inversion manipulation was used to test whether face animacy processing relies on expert face processing strategies. 5-7-year-olds (N=18), 8-10-year-olds (N=18), and adults (N=16) watched pictures of real or doll faces presented in an upright or inverted orientation. Analyses of event-related potentials revealed larger N170 amplitudes in response to doll faces, irrespective of age group or face orientation. Thus, the N170 is sensitive to face animacy by 5-7 years of age, but such sensitivity may not reflect high-level, expert face processing. Multivariate pattern analyses of the EEG signal additionally assessed whether animacy information could be reliably extracted during face processing. Face orientation information was evident in children and adults, but there was no indication that face animacy information could be reliably extracted at any age. Together, these results suggest that 5-10-year-old children exhibit some sensitivity to face animacy that is comparable to adults.

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