scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL AND GLOBAL LANGUAGES: CRITERIA, RATINGS, FORECASTS

Movoznavstvo ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 320 (5) ◽  
pp. 17-33
Author(s):  
P. O.  SELIHEY ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
International Language ◽  
World Languages ◽  
Social Prestige ◽  
The Status ◽  
Modern Knowledge ◽  
National Languages ◽  
The Military ◽  
Intellectual Power ◽  
Informational Value

The article examines the criteria on the basis of which ratings of international languages are compiled and their future is predicted. Language’s chances of becoming international are not highly dependent on its demographic power, structural advantages or ease of learning. What matters most is the influence that speakers of the language have on other peoples. The criteria of «internationality» of the language actually coincide with the criteria of its influence, communicative value, social prestige, sociolinguistic weight. The ratings of the influence of national languages are based on various criteria: state status, communicative potential, economic power, the number of people studying it as a foreign language. These ratings reveal more essential criteria of an international language: prevalence on several continents, the status of an official language in international organizations, value as a source of modern knowledge, a large number of its speakers as a second. A specific feature that brings the international language to the class of world languages should be recognized as its worldwide prevalence. This language is used all over the world, it is spoken (as the first or second) by the majority of the world’s population, its world status is recognized in all countries. The composition of the club of leading languages is constantly changing: some languages come to it, others decrease — depending on the military-political, demographic, economic and cultural success of their speakers. Although the number of speakers of English as a second language is growing steadily, its dominance should be considered as temporary. A new hierarchy of languages may emerge in the middle of 21st century, with other major languages — Chinese, Spanish, Arabic, Hindi/Urdu, competing equally with English in their respective regions. Although state status of the Ukrainian language creates favorable preconditions for its development, it could spread much faster due to its informational value, intellectual power, cultural attractiveness and economic success of Ukraine.

scholarly journals (Re)claiming English Language Today

2019 ◽  
pp. 177-185
Author(s):  
Nadežda Stojković
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
English Language ◽  
Standard English ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
Cultural Renewal ◽  
Paradoxical Situation ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
National Languages ◽  
The Impact

In the huge and most diverse discussion on the influence of the English language as a second, international, or bridge language, there are distinctive voices drawing attention to the fact that this language as nowadays so widely used in innumerable contexts, is no longer ‘owned’ by the community of speakers to whom it is mother language, those primarily of the countries from where English language originates. Moreover, the number of people speaking, or rather using English language today either as their second or foreign language, by far outnumbers people to whom it is native. Situation being such, it is further claimed the concept of ‘standard English’ reflects inherent inequality stance, for if it belongs to everyone speaking it, then insisting on the supremacy on only one of its variants means placing all those speakers of it in a subdued position, and this possibly being yet another facet of English an agent of neocolonialism and globalization (Pennycook 1998, Phillipson 1992). The spread of the English language has been much investigated as oppressive to the formation and expression of personal and collective identities, degrading national languages and through globalization diminishing the impact of local cultures (Bhaba 1990), that it challenges cultures and discourses, being the impetus for continuous re-codification and re-colonisation (Foucault 1980). However, equally significant in relevance and number, the opposing views claim English today offers an expanded community of users enabling new ways of expressing, changing, negotiating voices that offer chances for cultural renewal and exchange around the world, that the awareness of this brings “decolonizing of the colonizers mind” (Penycook 2013). Taking the flip side of the situation, English language natives are noted to be in a paradoxical situation of being expatriates from their own language, themselves “co-victims” (Bratlinger 1990). This insurgent knowledge of the status of English language today is certainly to instigate further investigation, ‘writing back’ of what ontology this language now embodies.

scholarly journals On the use of semantic calques in academic legal written language

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Dalia Gedzevičienė
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
English Language ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
The Status ◽  
National Languages ◽  
The Impact

The use of semantic calques in academic legal written language is the focus of the present article. Semantic calques are words in new irregular meanings. The following two groups of semantic calques in academic legal written language are distinguished: old calques, which are produced in the Lithuanian language due to the impact of the Russian language, and new calques, which have been produced in the Lithuanian language due the impact of the English language. The most frequently used calques of the first group are the verbs (pa)talpinti, atstatyti, sutikti, naudoti and their derivatives, the adjectives pilnas, -a, vieningas, -a and their derivatives, the noun saugiklis.The most frequently used calques of the second group are the adjectives pilotinis, harmoningas, -a, the verb harmonizuoti and the noun harmonizavimas. The present paper aims to identify the key reasons why some semantic calques spread in the academic language of the law. According to the contact between the user of the calque and the foreign language of its origin, the article distinguishes two types of reasons: primary and secondary. Primary reasons (concerned with the direct contact between the user of the calque and the language of origin) can be divided into three general reasons: (1) life among bilingual population; (2) the author of the text is a non-native speaker of Lithuanian; (3) the author relies on secondary written sources (research papers, documents, legal acts) in foreign languages, especially on its non-professional translation. Secondary reasons are concerned with an indirect contact between the user of the calque and the language of origin. In many cases the user of the calque does not know the foreign language from which the calque has been adopted. Semantic calques are copied from administrative language (legal acts, codes), public spoken language and are the result of imitation. Due to secondary reasons the calque appearing in a narrow peripheral field of standard language is further transferred into general usage. The analysis of the texts has demonstrated that in most cases semantic calques spread in academic legal written language due to extralinguistic factors. For example, Soviet occupation is one of them, when Russian in fact had the status of a state language. Now we are in a different situation, when the EU membership requires that all legal acts be translated into national languages of all member states.

scholarly journals A STUDY AMONG ENGLISH TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS: INVESTIGATING THE ROLES OF ICT IN INDONESIAN EFL CLASSROOM

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 247
Author(s):  
Khoirunnisa Isnani
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
English Teachers ◽  
English Learning ◽  
Teachers Perceptions ◽  
International Language ◽  
The Status ◽  
University Level ◽  
Compulsory Subject

The status of English as a foreign language in Indonesia makes the students use this language rarely. Whereas, English as international language and also a compulsory subject in secondary school to university level in Indonesia encourage students to master English. ICT comes with many advantages created innovation in teaching and learning English. Then, the teachers as the key role in the course should utilize it. However, the teachers should know the roles of ICT in teaching English. Therefore, this research aims to analyze English teachers’ perceptions on the roles of ICT in EFL classroom. This descriptive qualitative research involved five English teachers from different schools in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The research data were gathered using interview. The findings of the research showed that ICT plays role as a tool, a source, and an encouragement of students’ English learning.

HARMONIZATION OF TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL POLICY AND STATE SUPPORT

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (199) ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
I.F. Bogatyrev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Electronic Industry ◽  
State Support ◽  
Military Industrial Complex ◽  
Radio Electronic ◽  
The Status ◽  
Main Activity ◽  
The Military

The purpose of the study is to consider the status of state support, to determine its main trends in Russia, including in the radio-electronic industry, in connection with the harmonization of trade and industrial policy. To achieve the purpose of the study, the main approaches to the concepts of "harmonization", "harmonization of trade and industrial policy" were studied, the place of state support in the structure of the mechanism for harmonization of trade and industrial policy was determined, the problems of state support both in general and specifically in the radio-electronic industry were formulated, the ways of solving these problems were suggested. Within the framework of the study, legislative documents related to state support of the radio-electronic industry are analyzed, its main characteristics are determined. The relevance of state support of enterprises of the military-industrial complex, whose main activity is concentrated on the production of radio electronics, is shown. Possible ways of improving the activities of enterprises of the military-industrial complex are proposed, the use of state support tools of an institutional nature is highlighted. The results of the study have novelty and originality, expand the theory and practice of the issue of harmonization, since they focus on those aspects of it that were not previously considered in detail.

International Law within the Israel Legal System

1990 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 451-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Lapidoth
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Legal System ◽  
The State ◽  
Laws Of War ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Military ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
High Seas

Since the establishment of the State and up to the present day, Israeli law has had to deal with a great number of various problems in the field of international law, e.g. whether the State of Israel is a successor to the obligations of the Mandatory government; the jurisdiction of the Israeli courts with regard to offences committed in demilitarized zones or beyond the State's boundaries (on the high seas or abroad); the immunity of foreign states and their representatives from the jurisdiction of Israeli courts and from measures of execution; the status of international organizations and of their employees; the effect and implications of official acts performed within the territory of a state which is at war with Israel; the effect of international treaties in Israel; the question whether the Eastern neighbourhoods of Jerusalem are part of Israel; various issues concerning extradition, and of course, many questions regarding the laws of war: the powers of the military governor, and in particular his power to expropriate land in the territories under Israeli control and to expel residents from the territories, the extent of his legislative powers, etc.

scholarly journals SPECIAL FEATURES OF FORMING THE READINESS OF FUTURE MILITARY PILOTS FOR PROFESSIONAL INTERACTION WHEN USING THE COMMON AIR SPACE

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alla Bratslavska
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
English Department ◽  
Professional Interaction ◽  
Air Space ◽  
The Common ◽  
Military Pilots ◽  
The Military ◽  
Aviation Pilots

Abstract. The article is devoted to the special features of the military pilots training and the problem of forming their readiness for professional interaction when using the joint airspace with other countries. The article deals with the specifics of a military pilot’s job and the specificity of military pilots training at the Kharkov National Air Force University, in particular, at the Aviation English Department. The components of military pilots' readiness for professional interaction, criteria and levels of such readiness are determined. It is emphasized that readiness for professional interaction in the common airspace is a necessary requirement today in view of the active development of cooperation and formation of interoperability between Ukrainian aviation and foreign partners. Such readiness is impossible without a proper level of military pilots’ foreign language command. Successful formation of future aviation pilots' readiness for professional interaction while using common airspace requires the modernization of cadets training and the use of innovative pedagogical technologies that promote personality development and increase the training effectiveness.

scholarly journals Brendiranje škola stranog jezika kao organizatora neformalnog obrazovanja odraslih

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1 2021) ◽  
pp. 61-78
Author(s):  
Jovan Miljković ◽  
Marija Todorović
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Multiple Case Study ◽  
Educational Service ◽  
Research Model ◽  
The Status ◽  
Multiple Case ◽  
Language Schools ◽  
Descriptive Method

A brand could be named as the marketing goal of any organization, including the educational one. The issue of brand in education is becoming more and more actual, but the current focus of the scientifc community has remained mainly on branding higher education, while non-formal adult education organizations on this issue have been largely ignored. Therefore, we conducted research to determine whether users of non-formal education organizations perceive the educational service provider as a brand, as well as to identify which activities are carried out by non-formal education organizations to reach this level of connection with their users. The research used a combination of quantitative-qualitative research paradigm, with a multiple case study as a research model and a descriptive method as the dominant one. The research sample consists of managers and students of the analyzed foreign language schools. The results of the research indicate that non-formal education organizations in Serbia follow world trends and make efforts to achieve the status of an educational brand, that branding is not a uniform process, and that each organization and their strategies have certain specifcs.

scholarly journals The actor of power in the conditions of modern warfare: David's strategy vs Goliath's strategy

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-52
Author(s):  
Natalia Aleksandrovna Balakleets
Keyword(s):  
Guerrilla Warfare ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
The Status ◽  
Regular Army ◽  
Natural Outcome ◽  
Military Activity ◽  
Modern Warfare ◽  
The Military ◽  
David And Goliath

This article is dedicated to solution of the crucial problems of the philosophy of war – the paradox of David and Goliath. The weaker, technically inferior side of military confrontation often defeats the stronger one, which is equipped with the latest technology by the world political actors. The author describes the heterogeneous and asymmetric nature of modern wars, which involve state and non-state actors, and combine regular and irregular combat practices. It is indicated that the mobile and flexible strategy of partisan war, which is more effective than the actions of regular army, is now being adopted by them. Therefore, if an irregular soldier, a partisan, in the conditions of classical inter-state war possessed the status of “unlawful combatant”, in modern wars, the soldiers of regular army must prove their superiority over the partisans. The scientific novelty of this research lies in determination of the two paradigms of warfare relevant to the current situation in the society, which correspond to the strategies of David and Goliath. The first is characteristic to high-tech societies, which have entered the post-heroic era losing imperative of sacrifice. The conclusion is made that the military activity of modern Goliaths is being transformed in accordance with transhumanistic and poshumanistic scenarios. The natural outcome of high-tech warfare of the future should become a post-human war waged by artificial intelligence. The response to high-tech challenges of the leading world political actors is the guerrilla warfare strategy of modern David, which is founded on the idea of sacrifice and willingness to take lethal risks, and debunks the key role of the factor of technological superiority in achieving victory.

scholarly journals Issues of Primary and Secondary Education in the Activities of the State Duma of the Russian Empire (1906—1917)

2021 ◽  
pp. 241-255
Author(s):  
S. V. Darchieva ◽  
A. V. Darchiev
Keyword(s):  
Primary Schools ◽  
National Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
The Status ◽  
Legislative Initiative ◽  
Legislative Activity ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
National Languages ◽  
Goals And Objectives

The role of the first Russian parliament in the formation and development of the education system in the country is considered. The activity of deputies on the solution of the most pressing issues in the period from 1906 to 1917 is analyzed. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the consideration of the State Duma as the most important legislative body in the creation of the educational system in Russia. The discrepancy between the interests of the authorities and society, their different understanding of the goals and objectives of objectively overdue transformations, which is reflected in the legislative activity of the State Duma is revealed. It is indicated that a significant place in the national policy of the state was occupied by issues of education and the status of national languages. It is shown that as a result of active legislative initiative and the position of deputies in the development of bills “On the introduction of universal education”, “On the reform of secondary schools”, government spending on secondary and primary education increased several times. It is noted that as a result of the activities of the deputies of the State Duma of the III convocation, significant amendments and additions were made to the bill “On higher primary schools”, which was adopted in 1912.

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