Nutritional and technological aspects of vegetable oils that stand out for the prevalence of medium-chain triacylglycerides: A review

The nature of the fatty acid presented in each type of vegetable oil will determine the oil’s characteristic. The purpose of this review is to describe the medium chain fatty acids present in vegetable oils absorption mechanism and their benefits for human body, combined with technological advantages in the preparation of food formulations. Highlighting how the source of the raw material and the extraction method interfere with the concentration of fatty acids present in the oils. It is a review of narrative literature, which used as a theoretical framework recent scientific articles in the English language. Oils derived from coconut, palm kernel, and babassu, for example, have a solid or semi-solid characteristic at room temperature. This happens due to the presence of saturated fatty acids with medium-length carbon chains, that is from 6 to 12 carbons. Although medium-chain fatty acids are saturated, they present characteristics that are different from other long-chain saturated fatty acids. They are quickly digested by the body, which favors the absorption and the using of these nutrients, leading an impact on diseases’ control, such as obesity, diabetes and hypertension. In addition, due to their chemical structure, medium chain fatty acids can be used in the food industry as a substitute for animal fat, combining their nutritional benefits with technological advantage, being used in food preparations to impact texture, flavor, stabilize emulsions, and improve the rheological characteristics of the product.

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Effect of storage on fatty acid profile of butter from cows fed whole or ground flaxseed with or without monensin

Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/s1516-35982010001000028 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 39 (10) ◽

pp. 2297-2303 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Daniele Cristina da Silva-Kazama ◽

Geraldo Tadeu dos Santos ◽

Paula Toshimi Matumoto Pintro ◽

Jesuí Vergílio Visentainer ◽

Ricardo Kazama ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Profile ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Relative Percentage ◽

Medium Chain ◽

Medium Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Ground Flaxseed ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

Eight Holstein cows with body weight 570 ± 43 kg and 60 ± 20 lactation days were distributed in a double Latin square design with four 21-day periods to determine the effects of feeding ground or whole flaxseed with or without monensin supplementation (0.02% on a dry matter basis) on fatty acid profile of butter stored for 15 and 45 days. Ground flaxseed supply, in comparison to whole flaxseed, reduced relative percentages of 16:0, cis7-16:1, 17:0, and cis10-17:1 but it increased those of cis9,trans11-18:2, cis3-18:3, and omega 3 fatty acids in butter fat, reducing relative percentage of medium-chain fatty acids and increasing the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Supplementation with monensin increased relative percentages of cis9,trans11-18:2 and tended to increase relative percentage of 17:0 and decrease that of saturated fatty acids in butter. Butter from cows fed diet with monensin presented lower relative percentages of cis 6-20:4. Relative percentages of cis 9-16:1, cis10-17:1, 18:0, trans11-18:1, cis9-18:1, cis3-18:3, cis6-20:4 in butter stored for 15 days were higher than those stored for 45 days and the relative percentages of cis3-20:5 tended to decrease with the increase of storage period. As a result, relative percentages of saturated fatty acids and medium-chain fatty acids increased with storage time, while those of monounsaturated and long-chain fatty acids decreased. Butter enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids may have a shorter shelf life due to the negative effect of storage on fatty acid profile which may cause oxidation and rancidity.

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Assessing the effects of medium-chain fatty acids and fat sources on PEDV infectivity

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txz179 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 1051-1059 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Roger A Cochrane ◽

Steve S Dritz ◽

Jason C Woodworth ◽

Charles R Stark ◽

Marut Saensukjaroenphon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Chemical Treatment ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Palm Kernel Oil ◽

Diarrhea Virus ◽

Medium Chain ◽

Medium Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Kernel Oil ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

Abstract: The overall objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) to other common fat sources to minimize the risk of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) cross-contamination in a pig bioassay. Treatments were feed with mitigants inoculated with PEDV after application and were: 1) positive control with no chemical treatment; 2) 0.325% commercially available formaldehyde-based product; 3) 1% blend of 1:1:1 caproic (C6), caprylic (C8), and capric acids (C10) and applied with an aerosolizing nozzle; 4) treatment 3 applied directly into the mixer without an aerosolizing nozzle; 5) 0.66% caproic acid; 6) 0.66% caprylic acid; 7) 0.66% capric acid; 8) 0.66% lauric acid; 9) 1% blend of 1:1 capric and lauric acids; 10) 0.3% commercially available dry C12 product; 11) 1% canola oil; 12) 1% choice white grease; 13) 2% coconut oil; 14) 1% coconut oil; 15) 2% palm kernel oil; 16) 1% palm kernel oil; 17) 1% soy oil and four analysis days (0, 1, 3, and 7 post inoculation) as well as 1 treatment of PEDV-negative feed without chemical treatment. There was a treatment × day interaction (P < 0.002) for detectable PEDV RNA. The magnitude of the increase in Ct value from d 0 to 7 was dependent upon the individual treatments. Feed treated with individual MCFA, 1% MCFA blend, or commercial-based formaldehyde had fewer (P < 0.05) detectable viral particles than all other treatments. Commercial-based formaldehyde, 1% MCFA, 0.66% caproic, 0.66% caprylic, and 0.66% capric acids had no evidence of infectivity 10-d old pig bioassay, while there was no evidence the C12 commercial product or longer chain fat sources inhibited PEDV infectivity. Interestingly, pigs given the coconut oil source with the highest composition of caprylic and capric only showed signs of infectivity on the last day of bioassay. These data suggest some MCFA have potential for reducing post feed manufacture PEDV contamination.

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Spectrum of effects of dietary long-chain fatty acids on rat intestinal glucose and lipid uptake

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y87-390 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 65 (12) ◽

pp. 2459-2465 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

A. B. R. Thomson ◽

M. Keelan ◽

M. Garg ◽

M. T. Clandinin

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Female Rats ◽

Lipid Uptake ◽

Medium Chain ◽

Medium Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Long Chain ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

Isocaloric modification in the ratio of dietary polyunsaturated-to-saturated fatty acids influences intestinal uptake of actively and passively transported nutrients. This study was undertaken to determine which dietary fatty acid was responsible for these alterations in absorption. Adult female rats were fed isocaloric semisynthetic diets high in palmitic and stearic acids (SFA), oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA), or linolenic acid (LNA). An in vitro technique was used to measure the uptake of varying concentrations of glucose as well as a series of fatty acids and cholesterol. Jejunal uptake of 40 mM glucose was highest in rats fed SFA and lowest in those fed LA; ileal glucose uptake was similar in OA, LA, and LNA, but was lowest in SFA. Jejunal uptake of medium-chain fatty acids (8:0–12:0) was higher in OA than in other diet groups; ileal uptake of medium-chain fatty acids was unaffected by diet. Jejunal and ileal uptake of 18:2 was higher in LNA than in SFA or OA; the uptake of the other long-chain saturated or unsaturated fatty acids was unchanged by diet. The ileal but not the jejunal uptake of cholesterol was increased in LA as compared with SFA or OA, and reduced in LNA as compared with LA. These transport changes were not explained by differences in the animals' food consumption, body weight gain, intestinal mass, or mucosal surface area. We postulate that these diet-induced transport alterations may be mediated via changes in brush border membrane phospholipid fatty acyl composition. Thus, intestinal transport of nutrients may be varied by isocaloric changes in the dietary content of individual fatty acids.

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Medium-chain fatty acids accelerate incorporation of orally applied long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids into lung tissue

10.21203/rs.3.rs-120503/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Christopher Beermann ◽

Daniela Fussbroich ◽

Ralf Schubert

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Group Size ◽

Lung Tissue ◽

The Body ◽

Two Phase ◽

Medium Chain ◽

Medium Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

Abstract BackgroundLong-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are discussed to resolve chronic inflammation in asthma and other lung diseases. This study aimed at accelerating the incorporation kinetic of orally applied LCPUFA into lung tissue by co-applying medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) which enhance the fat-metabolic rate.MethodsFemale C57BL/6 mice were orally supplemented with 700 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n3) (group size: n=16) or additionally with 300 mg coconut oil with 4.2 wt% MCFA of total fat per kg body weight per day (group size: n=16) for 28 days. The fatty acid profile alterations of lung tissues were monitored by fatty acid methylester-analysis with capillary gaschromatography-flame-ionization detection over 63 days.ResultsThe combined administration of EPA with MCFA increased its incorporation into the lung tissue up to day 28 (EPA 1.28 wt% ± 0,18; EPA and MCFA 1.83 wt% ± 0.17; Δ 0.55; p< 0.001 at day 28). But also its removal thereon was boosted compared to EPA supplementation alone (EPA 0.81 wt% ± 0.08; EPA and MCFA 0.58 wt% ± 0.06; Δ 0.23; p< 0.001 at day 31).ConclusionBased on the illustrated accelerating effects of MCFA on the incorporation and removal kinetics of dietary LCPUFA into lung tissue, the present study suggests a two-phase strategy for immune-regulative dietary LCPUFA-supplementation. At the very beginning supplementations should be accompanied with MCFA to support the LCPUFA-uptake, thereon MCFA should be omitted to stabilize the LCPUFA-status in the body.

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Postprandial Lipid Metabolism in Patients With Hypertriglyceridemia and Normo-lipidemic Controls: Medium Chain Fatty Acids (MCT) in Comparison to Long-chain, Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA) and Mono-unsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA)

Case Medical Research ◽

10.31525/ct1-nct03846908 ◽

2000 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Medium Chain ◽

Medium Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Postprandial Lipid Metabolism ◽

Postprandial Lipid ◽

Long Chain ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

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Supplementation of AQUAGEST® as a source of medium-chain fatty acids and taurine improved the growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, and immune response of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed low fish meal diets

Annals of Animal Science ◽

10.2478/aoas-2020-0046 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fawzy I. Magouz ◽

Mohamed Essa ◽

Mohamed Mansour ◽

Mahmoud A.O. Dawood

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Immune Response ◽

Common Carp ◽

Polynomial Regression ◽

The Body ◽

Phagocytic Index ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Medium Chain ◽

Medium Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

AbstractFour diets were prepared to include a mixture of medium-chain fatty acids and taurine as a digestive/metabolic enhancer (DME, AQUAGEST®) at 0, 1, 2, and 3 g DME/kg diet and fed for common carp (initial weight, 4.55±0.03 g) for 70 days. Dietary DME significantly increased the final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, and protein efficiency and decreased feed conversion ratio in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). The body lipid composition was significantly improved by feeding DME at 2 g/kg diet (P=0.0141). The intestine villus length and the number of goblet cells were significantly increased in fish fed 2 g DME/kg diet (P<0.05). The intestinal villi displayed increased length, branching, and density by supplementing DME to common carp diets. Fish fed DME at 2 g/kg diet displayed markedly decreased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (P =0.025 and P =0.043) and increased total protein and globulin (P =0.002 and P =0.003). Additionally, fish fed 2 and 3 g DME/kg levels displayed significantly increased albumin levels (P =0.006). Lysozyme and phagocytic activities were increased by feeding DME at 2 g/kg diet, while the phagocytic index increased by 2 and 3 g/kg diet (P<0.05). The optimal supplementation level of DME is 1.63 to 2.05 g/kg for common carp based on the polynomial regression analysis. In conclusion, common carp fed diets with a mixture of medium-chain fatty acids and taurine displayed improved growth, digestion activity, and immune response.

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Fatty acid profile of milk from cows fed palm kernel cake

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n4supl1p2773 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (4Supl1) ◽

pp. 2773

Author(s):

Leidiane Reis Pimentel ◽

Fabiano Ferreira da Silva ◽

Robério Rodrigues Silva ◽

Eli Santana de Oliveira Rodrigues ◽

Murilo De Almeida Meneses ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Profile ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Palm Kernel Cake ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Medium Chain ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

To evaluate the fatty acid profile of milk from cows fed palm kernel cake (PKC), 12 Holstein × Zebu crossbred cows were kept in the feedlot, distributed into a triple 4 × 4 Latin square, and fed the following treatments: 1) control; 2) inclusion of 50 g PKC/kg in the total dry matter (TDM); 3) inclusion of 100 g PKC/kg in the TDM; and 4) inclusion of 150 g PKC/kg in the TDM. Milk samples from the morning and afternoon milkings were collected in the amount of 1% of the daily production of each animal; subsequently, 100-mL subsamples were frozen for analysis of the fatty acid profile. Inclusion of PKC did not change the concentration of short-chain fatty acids or myristoleic (C14:1), pentadecenoic (C15:1), palmitic (C16:0), and palmitoleic (C16:1) fatty acids. Concentrations of medium-chain and lauric (C12:0) and myristic (C14:0) fatty acids increased linearly (P < 0.05). A decreasing linear effect was observed (P < 0.05) on the concentration of the C15:0 fatty acid. No effects were observed (P > 0.05) on the long-chain fatty acids and those of the omega 6 and 3 series; on the ratio between poly-unsaturated and saturated fatty acids; or on the ratio between the fatty acids of the omega 6/omega 3 series. The concentration of conjugated linoleic acid was not influenced (P > 0.05) by inclusion of PKC in the diet. Addition of palm kernel cake to the diet of lactating cows influences the concentration of medium-chain fatty acids, and of lauric (C12:0), myristic (C14:0), and pentadecanoic (C15:0) fatty acids in their milk.

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Comparative efficiency of various fats rich in medium-chain fatty acids to suppress ruminal methanogenesis as measured with RUSITEC

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/a99-113 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 80 (3) ◽

pp. 473-484 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

F. Dohme ◽

A. Machmüller ◽

A. Wasserfallen ◽

M. Kreuzer

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Medium Chain ◽

Medium Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Kernel Oil ◽

Canola Oils ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

A RUSITEC apparatus equipped with eight fermenters was used to investigate the effects of seven different fats with high proportions of medium-chain fatty acids (C8:0–C16:0) supplied at a level of 53 g kg−1 DM. In detail, coconut oil, palm kernel oil, palm oil, tallow, milk fat and two types of canola oils, both genetically enriched with lauric acid, were compared with a diet supplemented with prilled fat. The prilled fat was selected from three different rumen-protected fats in a preliminary experiment as the least effective one regarding methane release. Palm kernel oil, coconut oil and one of the canola oils significantly (P < 0.05) decreased methane release, methanogens and ciliates whereas the other fats had only minor effects. With the use of the three effective fats, NDF degradation was also suppressed (P < 0.05), but the rumen fluid concentration of volatile fatty acids remained unchanged. However, at constant acetate proportion, butyrate proportion increased (P < 0.05) at the expense of propionate. Apart from a high proportion of lauric and myristic fatty acids in the fatty acid composition, complete melting at rumen fluid temperature seems to support the ability of some fats to reduce methanogenesis and to suppress methanogens and ciliates. Key words: Methane, fats, medium-chain fatty acids, laurate canola, fermentation, ruminants

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Postprandial Lipid Metabolism in Normolipidemic Subjects and Patients with Mild to Moderate Hypertriglyceridemia: Effects of Test Meals Containing Saturated Fatty Acids, Mono-Unsaturated Fatty Acids, or Medium-Chain Fatty Acids

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13051737 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 1737

Author(s):

Alexander Folwaczny ◽

Elisa Waldmann ◽

Julia Altenhofer ◽

Kerstin Henze ◽

Klaus G. Parhofer

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Medium Chain ◽

Plasma Triglycerides ◽

Medium Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Postprandial Triglyceride ◽

Postprandial Hypertriglyceridemia ◽

Postprandial Lipid ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

Fasting and postprandial hypertriglyceridemia are causal risk factors for atherosclerosis. The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia is approximately 25–30% and most hypertriglyceridemic patients suffer from mild to moderate hypertriglyceridemia. Data regarding dietary interventions on postprandial triglyceride metabolism of mildly to moderately hypertriglyceridemic patients is, however, sparse. In a randomized controlled trial, eight mildly hypertriglyceridemic patients and five healthy, normolipidemic controls received three separate standardized fat-meals containing either saturated fatty acids (SFA), mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), or medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) in a randomized order. Fasting and postprandial lipid parameters were determined over a 10 h period and the (incremental) area under the curve (AUC/iAUC) for plasma triglycerides and other parameters were determined. MCFA do not lead to a significant elevation of postprandial total plasma triglycerides and other triglyceride parameters, while both SFA (patients: p = 0.003, controls: p = 0.03 compared to MCFA) and MUFA (patients: p = 0.001; controls: p = 0.14 compared to MCFA) do lead to such an increase. Patients experienced a significantly more pronounced increase of plasma triglycerides than controls (SFA: patients iAUC = 1006 mg*h/dL, controls iAUC = 247 mg*h/dL, p = 0.02; MUFA: patients iAUC = 962 mg*h/dL, controls iAUC = 248 mg*h/dL, p = 0.05). Replacing SFA with MCFA may be a treatment option for mildly to moderately hypertriglyceridemic patients as it prevents postprandial hypertriglyceridemia.

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