scholarly journals Adaptation Strategies for Personalized Gait Neuroprosthetics

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne D. Koelewijn ◽  
Musa Audu ◽  
Antonio J. del-Ama ◽  
Annalisa Colucci ◽  
Josep M. Font-Llagunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Random Access ◽  
Resistive Random Access Memory ◽  
Assistive Device ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Real Time Processing ◽  
Biomechanical Models ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Personalization of gait neuroprosthetics is paramount to ensure their efficacy for users, who experience severe limitations in mobility without an assistive device. Our goal is to develop assistive devices that collaborate with and are tailored to their users, while allowing them to use as much of their existing capabilities as possible. Currently, personalization of devices is challenging, and technological advances are required to achieve this goal. Therefore, this paper presents an overview of challenges and research directions regarding an interface with the peripheral nervous system, an interface with the central nervous system, and the requirements of interface computing architectures. The interface should be modular and adaptable, such that it can provide assistance where it is needed. Novel data processing technology should be developed to allow for real-time processing while accounting for signal variations in the human. Personalized biomechanical models and simulation techniques should be developed to predict assisted walking motions and interactions between the user and the device. Furthermore, the advantages of interfacing with both the brain and the spinal cord or the periphery should be further explored. Technological advances of interface computing architecture should focus on learning on the chip to achieve further personalization. Furthermore, energy consumption should be low to allow for longer use of the neuroprosthesis. In-memory processing combined with resistive random access memory is a promising technology for both. This paper discusses the aforementioned aspects to highlight new directions for future research in gait neuroprosthetics.

scholarly journals Functional approach of the central nervous system (CNS) based on technological advances: from computers to nanotechnology

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerina Chatzikallia ◽  
Magdalini Krommyda ◽  
Vasiliki Petropoulou ◽  
Konstantinos Mouratidis ◽  
Maria Prospathopoulou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Functional Approach ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals The Effect of Melatonin Modulation of Non-coding RNAs on Central Nervous System Disorders: An Updated Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-23
Author(s):  
Jianan Lu ◽  
Yujie Luo ◽  
Shuhao Mei ◽  
Yuanjian Fang ◽  
Jianmin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Circular Rna ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Regulatory Effects

: Melatonin is a hormone produced in and secreted by the pineal gland. Besides its role in regulating circadian rhythms, melatonin has a wide range of protective functions in the central nervous system (CNS) disorders. The mechanisms underlying this protective function are associated with the regulatory effects of melatonin on related genes and proteins. In addition to messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) that can be translated into protein, an increasing number of non-coding RNAs in the human body are proven to participate in many diseases. This review discusses the current progress of research on the effects of melatonin modulation of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNA, long ncRNA, and circular RNA. The role of melatonin in regulating common pathological mechanisms through these ncRNAs is also summarized. Furthermore, the ncRNAs, currently shown to be involved in melatonin signaling in CNS diseases, are discussed. The information compiled in this review will open new avenues for future research into melatonin mechanisms and provide a further understanding of ncRNAs in the CNS.

scholarly journals The Role of Gut Microbiota and Gut–Brain Interplay in Selected Diseases of the Central Nervous System

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 10028
Author(s):  
Julia Doroszkiewicz ◽  
Magdalena Groblewska ◽  
Barbara Mroczko
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Parkinson’S Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

The gut microbiome has attracted increasing attention from researchers in recent years. The microbiota can have a specific and complex cross-talk with the host, particularly with the central nervous system (CNS), creating the so-called “gut–brain axis”. Communication between the gut, intestinal microbiota, and the brain involves the secretion of various metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), structural components of bacteria, and signaling molecules. Moreover, an imbalance in the gut microbiota composition modulates the immune system and function of tissue barriers such as the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Therefore, the aim of this literature review is to describe how the gut–brain interplay may contribute to the development of various neurological disorders, combining the fields of gastroenterology and neuroscience. We present recent findings concerning the effect of the altered microbiota on neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, as well as multiple sclerosis. Moreover, the impact of the pathological shift in the microbiome on selected neuropsychological disorders, i.e., major depressive disorders (MDD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is also discussed. Future research on the effect of balanced gut microbiota composition on the gut–brain axis would help to identify new potential opportunities for therapeutic interventions in the presented diseases.

Leukodystrophies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Schrifl ◽  
SakkuBai Naidu ◽  
Ali Fatemi
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Palliative Care ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Adult Onset ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Genetic Techniques

The term “leukodystrophies” refers to a group of genetic diseases characterized by degeneration of white matter in the central nervous system. Depending on the type of leukodystrophy, the phenotype can range from early infantile-onset, rapid, progressive forms to adult-onset slowly progressive variants. The understanding, definition, and classification have been enhanced greatly by the combined use of neuroimaging, especially MRI, and genetic techniques. The window for targeted therapeutic interventions remains brief and management is often limited to symptomatic, supportive, and palliative care, and new approaches for treatment remain a great task for future research.

Regulatory role of NGFs in neurocognitive functions

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 649-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Kumar ◽  
Vikas Pareek ◽  
Muneeb A. Faiq ◽  
Pavan Kumar ◽  
Khursheed Raza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Neurocognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Neurocognitive Functions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease

AbstractNerve growth factors (NGFs), especially the prototype NGF and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), have a diverse array of functions in the central nervous system through their peculiar set of receptors and intricate signaling. They are implicated not only in the development of the nervous system but also in regulation of neurocognitive functions like learning, memory, synaptic transmission, and plasticity. Evidence even suggests their role in continued neurogenesis and experience-dependent neural network remodeling in adult brain. They have also been associated extensively with brain disorders characterized by neurocognitive dysfunction. In the present article, we aimed to make an exhaustive review of literature to get a comprehensive view on the role of NGFs in neurocognitive functions in health and disease. Starting with historical perspective, distribution in adult brain, implied molecular mechanisms, and developmental basis, this article further provides a detailed account of NGFs’ role in specified neurocognitive functions. Furthermore, it discusses plausible NGF-based homeostatic and adaptation mechanisms operating in the pathogenesis of neurocognitive disorders and has presents a survey of such disorders. Finally, it elaborates on current evidence and future possibilities in therapeutic applications of NGFs with an emphasis on recent research updates in drug delivery mechanisms. Conclusive remarks of the article make a strong case for plausible role of NGFs in comprehensive regulation of the neurocognitive functions and pathogenesis of related disorders and advocate that future research should be directed to explore use of NGF-based mechanisms in the prevention of implicated diseases as well as to target these molecules pharmacologically.

scholarly journals NeuroSCORE: A Genome-wide Omics-Based Model to Identify Candidate Disease Genes of the Central Nervous System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle W. Davis ◽  
Colleen G. Bilancia ◽  
Megan Martin ◽  
Rena Vanzo ◽  
Megan Rimmasch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mendelian Inheritance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Disease Genes ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Phenotype Data ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Pathway Analyses

AbstractTo identify and prioritize candidate disease genes of the central nervous system (CNS) we created the Neurogenetic Systematic Correlation of Omics-Related Evidence (NeuroSCORE). We used five genome-wide metrics highly associated with neurological phenotypes to score 19,598 protein-coding genes. Genes scored one point per metric, resulting in a range of scores from 0-5. Approximately 13,000 genes were then paired with phenotype data from the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database. We used logistic regression to determine the odds ratio of each metric and compared genes scoring 1+ to cause a known CNS-related phenotype compared to genes that scored zero. We tested NeuroSCORE using microarray copy number variants (CNVs) in case-control cohorts, mouse model phenotype data, and gene ontology (GO) and pathway analyses. NeuroSCORE identified 8,296 genes scored ≥1, of which 1,580 are “high scoring” genes (scores ≥3). High scoring genes are significantly associated with CNS phenotypes (OR=5.5, p<2×10−16), enriched in case CNVs, and enriched in mouse ortholog genes associated with behavioral and nervous system abnormalities. GO and pathway analyses showed high scoring genes were enriched in chromatin remodeling, mRNA splicing, dendrite development, and neuron projection. OMIM has no phenotype for 1,062 high scoring genes (67%). Top scoring genes include ANKRD17, CCAR1, CLASP1, DOCK9, EIF4G2, G3BP2, GRIA1, MAP4K4, MARK2, PCBP2, RNF145, SF1, SYNCRIP, TNPO2, and ZSWIM8. NeuroSCORE identifies and prioritizes CNS-disease candidate genes, many not yet associated with any phenotype in OMIM. These findings can help direct future research and improve molecular diagnostics for individuals with neurological conditions.

Insights into the neural control of eccentric contractions

2014 ◽  
Vol 116 (11) ◽  
pp. 1418-1425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Duchateau ◽  
Stéphane Baudry
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Voluntary Activation ◽  
Eccentric Contractions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The purpose of this brief review is to examine our current knowledge of the neural control of eccentric contractions. The review focuses on three main issues. The first issue considers the ability of individuals to activate muscles maximally during eccentric contractions. Most studies indicate that, regardless of the experimental approach (surface EMG amplitude, twitch superimposition, and motor unit recordings), it is usually more difficult to achieve full activation of a muscle by voluntary command during eccentric contractions than during concentric and isometric contractions. The second issue is related to the specificity of the control strategy used by the central nervous system during submaximal eccentric contractions. This part underscores that although the central nervous system appears to employ a single size-related strategy to activate motoneurons during the different types of contractions, the discharge rate of motor units is less during eccentric contractions across different loading conditions. The last issue addresses the mechanisms that produce this specific neural activation. This section indicates that neural adjustments at both supraspinal and spinal levels contribute to the specific modulation of voluntary activation during eccentric contractions. Although the available information on the control of eccentric contractions has increased during the last two decades, this review indicates that the exact mechanisms underlying the unique neural modulation observed in this type of contraction at spinal and supraspinal levels remains unknown and their understanding represents, therefore, a major challenge for future research on this topic.

Denial of compensation for patients who developed multiple sclerosis or have existing disease made worse following acute stress or trauma

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 235-248
Author(s):  
Peter Oliver Behan ◽  
Abhijit Chaudhuri ◽  
Simone Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Molecular Medicine ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pathological Feature ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Prevailing View

An important legal question is the role of acute trauma on the central nervous system with stress in precipitating or worsening multiple sclerosis (MS). At present, the prevailing view in neurology is that there is no relationship. We show here that this opinion needs to be reappraised. Medicolegal decisions for compensation in court have hinged on this question, as do the future research and treatment. A critical analysis of highly important but hitherto neglected articles shows the prevailing view to be gravely mistaken. Modern molecular medicine has shown conclusively that trauma and stress (either alone or together) to the central nervous system cause disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Disruption of this BBB, a complex molecular process, is the basic pathological feature of MS and is affected in both trauma and stress. Its further study should lead to a rational mode of therapy and resolve the legal quagmire.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Examination on Resistive Random Access Memory

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 4663-4667
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Random Access ◽  
Random Access Memory ◽  
Resistive Random Access Memory ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Operating Voltage ◽  
Access Memory ◽  
History Of ◽  
Frenkel Emission ◽  
Non Destructive

With the latest advances in materials science, resistive random access memory (RRAM) devices are attracting non-volatile, low power consumption, non-destructive read, and high density memory. Related performance parameters for RRAM devices include operating voltage, operating speed, resistivity, durability, retention time, device yield, and multi-level storage. Numerous resistive mechanisms, such as conductive filaments, space charge limited conduction, trap charging and discharging, Schottky emission, and pool-Frenkel emission, have been proposed to explain the resistance switches of RRAM devices. Therefore, in this work, different oxide-based random access memories (RRAMs) were provided for comprehensive investigation of neuromorphiccalculations. With the development of RRAM, the physical mechanism of conduction, the basic history of neuromorphic calculations begins. Finally, suggestions for future research, as well as waiting for the challenges of RRAM equipment, are given.

scholarly journals The Expanding Horizon of Neural Stimulation for Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Latorre ◽  
Lorenzo Rocchi ◽  
Anna Sadnicka
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Neural Stimulation ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Novel methods of neural stimulation are transforming the management of hyperkinetic movement disorders. In this review the diversity of approach available is showcased. We first describe the most commonly used features that can be extracted from oscillatory activity of the central nervous system, and how these can be combined with an expanding range of non-invasive and invasive brain stimulation techniques. We then shift our focus to the periphery using tremor and Tourette's syndrome to illustrate the utility of peripheral biomarkers and interventions. Finally, we discuss current innovations which are changing the landscape of stimulation strategy by integrating technological advances and the use of machine learning to drive optimization.

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