scholarly journals Human Factor Issues in Remote Ship Operations: Lesson Learned by Studying Different Domains

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Raheleh Kari ◽  
Martin Steinert
Keyword(s):  
Human Factor ◽  
Loading Capacity ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Distant Location ◽  
Human Operators ◽  
Remote Operations ◽  
Ship Operation

The idea of remote controlling ships for operational and commercial uses has developed beyond concepts. Controlling and monitoring vessels from a distant location requires updating the concept and requirements of shore control centers (SCCs), where human operators control the fleet via cameras, GPS, and many other types of sensors. While remote ship operation promises to reduce operational and maintenance costs, while increasing loading capacity and safety, it also brings significant uncertainty related to both the human-machine and human-human interactions which will affect operations. Achieving safe, reliable, and efficient remote ship operations requires consideration of both technological, cultural, social and human factor aspects of the system. Indeed, operators will act as captain and crew remotely, from the SCC, introducing new types of hardware and software interactions. This paper provides an overview of human factor issues that may affect human-machine and human-human interactions in the course of remote ship operations. In doing so, the literature related to remote operations in the domains of shipping, aerial vehicles, cranes, train transportation, automobiles, and mining is reviewed. Findings revealed that human factor issues are likely to fall into 13 distinct groups based on the type of human interactions that take place in SCCs.

scholarly journals On the Influence of Human Factors on Safety of Remotely-Controlled Merchant Vessels

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1145
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Wróbel ◽  
Mateusz Gil ◽  
Chong-Ju Chae
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
General Belief ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Factors Analysis ◽  
Important Barrier ◽  
Human Operators ◽  
Expert Study

With numerous efforts undertaken by both industry and academia to develop and implement autonomous merchant vessels, their safety remains an utmost priority. One of the modes of their operation which is expected to be used is a remote control. Therein, some, if not all, decisions will be made remotely by human operators and executed locally by a vessel control system. This arrangement incorporates a possibility of a human factor occurrence. To this end, a variety of factors are known in the literature along with a complex network of mutual relationships between them. In order to study their potential influence on the safety of remotely-controlled merchant vessels, an expert study has been conducted using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System-Maritime Accidents (HFACS–MA) framework. The results indicate that the most relevant for the safety of this prospective system is to ensure that known problems are properly and timely rectified and that remote operators maintain their psycho- and physiological conditions. The experts elicited have also assigned higher significance to the causal factors of active failures than latent failures, thus indicating a general belief that operators’ actions represent the final and the most important barrier against accident occurrence.

Modeling of Complex Human-Process Interaction as Framework for Assistance and Supervisory Control of Technical Processes

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Söffker ◽  
Xingguang Fu ◽  
Andreas Hasselberg ◽  
Marcel Langer
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Formal Modeling ◽  
Driver Assistance ◽  
Lane Changing ◽  
Automated Production ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Assistance Systems ◽  
Human Operators ◽  
Process Interaction

Interactive processes are omnipresent in fields dealing with automation of complex technical processes, allowing a wide range of application scenarios of assistance systems to support human operators. However, the definition and description of the interaction strongly depends on the application. The description of Human-Process-Interaction (HPI) in most cases is the key for the development of interaction models leading to a framework for the development of assistance systems. The goal of such assistance systems is to support human operators, or human factors, and thereby improve the considered process in parallel. For the purpose of creating a framework for the development of assistance systems, the Situation-Operator-Model (SOM) approach is applied. The SOM approach is capable of modeling HPI in a net-like structure representing the complex environment (or process) and human interactions. By this formal modeling of HPI for the development of human-centered assistance systems based on the underlying modeled interaction is available. In this contribution illustrative examples of different applications for the proposed approach are given by a cognitive, individualized driver assistance system for lane changing maneuvers, by the assessment of operator decisions in air traffic control as well as the operator supervision in semi-automated production process.

scholarly journals Insect pest monitoring with camera-equipped traps: strengths and limitations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Preti ◽  
François Verheggen ◽  
Sergio Angeli
Keyword(s):  
Data Transfer ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Pest Monitoring ◽  
Human Labor ◽  
Distant Location ◽  
Human Operators

AbstractIntegrated pest management relies on insect pest monitoring to support the decision of counteracting a given level of infestation and to select the adequate control method. The classic monitoring approach of insect pests is based on placing in single infested areas a series of traps that are checked by human operators on a temporal basis. This strategy requires high labor cost and provides poor spatial and temporal resolution achievable by single operators. The adoption of image sensors to monitor insect pests can result in several practical advantages. The purpose of this review is to summarize the progress made on automatic traps with a particular focus on camera-equipped traps. The use of software and image recognition algorithms can support automatic trap usage to identify and/or count insect species from pictures. Considering the high image resolution achievable and the opportunity to exploit data transfer systems through wireless technology, it is possible to have remote control of insect captures, limiting field visits. The availability of real-time and on-line pest monitoring systems from a distant location opens the opportunity for measuring insect population dynamics constantly and simultaneously in a large number of traps with a limited human labor requirement. The actual limitations are the high cost, the low power autonomy and the low picture quality of some prototypes together with the need for further improvements in fully automated pest detection. Limits and benefits resulting from several case studies are examined with a perspective for the future development of technology-driven insect pest monitoring and management.

scholarly journals Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Search and Rescue Missions Using Real-Time Cooperative Model Predictive Control

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (19) ◽  
pp. 4067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio A. A. Andrade ◽  
Anthony Hovenburg ◽  
Luciano Netto de de Lima ◽  
Christopher Dahlin Rodin ◽  
Tor Arne Johansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Model Predictive Control ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Predictive Control ◽  
Kinematic Model ◽  
Search And Rescue ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Human Operators

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have recently been used in a wide variety of applications due to their versatility, reduced cost, rapid deployment, among other advantages. Search and Rescue (SAR) is one of the most prominent areas for the employment of UAVs in place of a manned mission, especially because of its limitations on the costs, human resources, and mental and perception of the human operators. In this work, a real-time path-planning solution using multiple cooperative UAVs for SAR missions is proposed. The technique of Particle Swarm Optimization is used to solve a Model Predictive Control (MPC) problem that aims to perform search in a given area of interest, following the directive of international standards of SAR. A coordinated turn kinematic model for level flight in the presence of wind is included in the MPC. The solution is fully implemented to be embedded in the UAV on-board computer with DUNE, an on-board navigation software. The performance is evaluated using Ardupilot’s Software-In-The-Loop with JSBSim flight dynamics model simulations. Results show that, when employing three UAVs, the group reaches 50% Probability of Success 2.35 times faster than when a single UAV is employed.

Design and Fabrication of RC Quad-Copter for Video Surveillance

2016 ◽  
Vol 852 ◽  
pp. 826-831
Author(s):  
Chiranjeet Paul ◽  
Nadimpalli Raghukiran
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Video Surveillance ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Safe Distance ◽  
Predominant Role ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Feasible Option ◽  
Human Operators ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The Brain

The usage of unmanned aerial vehicles has grown drastically because of their ability to operate in dangerous locations while keeping their human operators at a safe distance. In the present work, an attempt has been made to design and fabricate a quadcopter for video surveillance. For continuous video streaming, a miniature wireless camera has been installed in the quadcopter. The camera helps the user to guide the vehicle and also to receive continuous clips of the surveyed location in laptop. Further analysis has been carried out on the frame material to determine better feasible option for carrying out the fabrication. The control system consists of a RC joystick, which sends the input to the multi rotor board using transmitter and receiver. KK 2.1.5 board is used as the brain of the device. Since quadcopter has a better dynamic stability than helicopter, giving the user more comfort of flying, they play a predominant role in different areas for surveillance, military operations, fire sensing and many other complex situations.

scholarly journals Analysis of component elements of the multi-terterial human factor in the aspect of safe ship operation and seasoning at sea

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 152-156
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Łosiewicz ◽  
Marzena Netczuk-Gwoździewicz
Keyword(s):  
Human Factor ◽  
Crisis Situation ◽  
Ship Operation

The article discusses the multi-criteria vector of the human factor in the aspect of safe ship operation and survival at sea. An attempt was made to assess which elements of the human factor have the greatest impact on the behavior of seafarers in a crisis situation.

scholarly journals Design and Experiment of a Deformable Bird-inspired UAV Perching Mechanism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Bai ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
Xiaohong Chen ◽  
Jia Zheng ◽  
Liming Xin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Acoustic Noise ◽  
Loading Capacity ◽  
Unstructured Environments ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Outdoor Environments ◽  
Gear Mechanism ◽  
Opening And Closing

AbstractEnergy consumption and acoustic noise can be significantly reduced through perching in the sustained flights of small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). However, the existing flying perching robots lack good adaptability or loading capacity in unstructured environments. Aiming at solving these problems, a deformable UAV perching mechanism with strong adaptability and high loading capacity, which is inspired by the structure and movements of birds' feet, is presented in this paper. Three elastic toes, an inverted crank slider mechanism used to realize the opening and closing movements, and a gear mechanism used to deform between two configurations are included in this mechanism. With experiments on its performance towards different objects, Results show that it can perch on various objects reliably, and its payload is more than 15 times its weight. By integrating it with a quadcopter, it can perch on different types of targets in outdoor environments, such as tree branches, cables, eaves, and spherical lamps. In addition, the energy consumption of the UAV perching system when perching on objects can be reduced to 0.015 times that of hovering.

Interfaces for 3D Flight Path Visualization

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Marsh ◽  
Levi Swartzentruber ◽  
Joseph Holub ◽  
Stephen Gilbert ◽  
James Oliver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Flight Path ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Camera Control ◽  
Interactive Interface ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
3D Scenarios ◽  
Human Operators

Increased use of unmanned aerial vehicles on the battlefield is driving a transition of human operators into supervisory roles. In these roles, operators will have access to mission data and they will be required to make rapid decisions based on criteria, prior experience, and instincts. To facilitate rapid decisions, an interface must provide information in a format that operators can readily understand. A study was performed to investigate an operator’s ability to rapidly understand flight path data presented in either top-down 2D or perspective 3D. Additionally, the study aimed to explore the benefits of interactivity when observing the 3D scenarios. It was found that participants in the 3D group with automatic camera movement were not more accurate but were faster than participants who saw a top-down 2D view or a 3D view with manual camera control. This suggests that there may be benefits to a 3D interface for displaying three-dimensional path data. It also confirms that providing an interactive interface will not necessarily lead to higher performance, as the user may not use it efficiently.

scholarly journals Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in the Security Service and as a New Tool in the Hands of Criminals

10.37105/sd.6 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Krakowiak Ewelina
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Trade Data ◽  
Illegal Market ◽  
Security Service ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Flight Operations ◽  
The Many

The aim of the article is to show areas in which unmanned aerial vehicles are used for protection purposes and to show that drones are increasingly used for criminal purposes, an important aspect is also to present the possibilities offered by these devices. Increasingly, new technologies are used daily in human activities. They become supportive, and at the same time, they facilitate many activities. With the introduction of unmanned aerial vehicles, they have become an object that has been adopted in many industries, from simple flight operations, to filming and shooting, to complex transport or search. Due to the many constraints inherent in the human factor, the necessity of introducing drones into many everyday industries has been recognized. Particular attention has been paid to unmanned aerial vehicles in the area of security and protection, where daily activities involve a high risk of human loss. For this purpose, new technologies are introduced, but drones, due to their characteristics and many other factors, a tool used by criminals for the purposes of trade, data theft, illegal shooting and photographing. These are just a few of the offences committed by means of unmanned aerial vehicles. This poses a threat and conducive to the emergence illegal market using drones.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE VULNERABILITIES OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES TO CYBER ATTACKS

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
Grigore Eduard JELER ◽  
◽  
Gelu ALEXANDRESCU ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Human Operators ◽  
Hybrid Actors

Recently, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, has increased significantly and the technical advencements in the field have led to new possibilities in several fields, both military and civilian. Air drones help reduce human life risks and costs, and can be used to carry out dangerous and costly missions by replacing human operators. Unmanned aircraft have a wide range of use, from entertainment for enthusiasts to military operations. Large investments, especially in the field of robotics, electronic miniaturization, sensors, network communication, information technology and artificial intelligence help to accelerate and diversify areas of use. The operation of unmanned systems and the applications that use these systems depend, to a large extent, on the cyber systems that are used for data collection, storage, processing and communication. However, these systems also have certain vulnerabilities, which has led various (state or non-state) hybrid actors to develop methods of conducting cyber attacks on drones.

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