The Franks of Outremer and their Western Brethren: examining the conflict through Roman Expansion in the Principality of Antioch and County of Tripoli (1230’s—1280’s)

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
С.П. Брюн
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
21St Century ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Crusader States ◽  
Western Expansion

Статья посвящена одной из главных тем и концептов в историографии крестовых походов – конфликту между западными крестоносцами «первого поколения» и франками Заморской земли (Outremer), т.е. теми, кто был рожден на Ближнем Востоке и не знал иного дома, кроме городов и долин Леванта. Автор критически анализирует концептуальные воззрения на суть данного конфликта в историографии XIX-XXI вв. и рассматривает полувековой опыт экспансии римской знати в княжестве Антиохийском и графстве Триполийском (инициированной браком князя Боэмунда V со знатной римлянкой, Люсьен де Сеньи). В отличие от широко-известного конфликта между братьями Лузиньянами и палестинскими баронами в 1180-х гг., экспансия римлян в Триполи и Антиохии действительно может служить редким и полноценным примером острого конфликта между притязаниями западных нобилей и интересами местных, левантийских элит на Латинском Востоке. The article deals with one of the main themes and concepts in the historiography of the Crusades – the conflict between the western, «first generation» Crusaders and pilgrims with the Franks of Outremer, those who were born and knew no home outside of the Middle East. The author critically examines the perception of the conflict in the 19th—21st century historiography, and proceeds with a study of the 50-year period of Roman aristocratic expansion in the Principality of Antioch and County of Tripoli (made possible through the marriage of Prince Bohemond V with the Roman noblewoman Lucien de Segni). This expansion – unlike the infamous clash between the Lusignan brothers and the Palestinian nobility in the 1180’s – was perhaps the purest manifestation of the conflict between consolidated western expansion and the local Levantine elites in the Crusader States.

scholarly journals Strongly increasing heat extremes in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) in the 21st century

2016 ◽  
Vol 137 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 245-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lelieveld ◽  
Y. Proestos ◽  
P. Hadjinicolaou ◽  
M. Tanarhte ◽  
E. Tyrlis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
21St Century ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Heat Extremes

Entering the 21st Century: The Middle East

2000 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 647
Author(s):  
Paul Kingston ◽  
Oded Haklai ◽  
Nader Hashemi
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
21St Century

Prelude

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
Steve Tibble
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Human Actions ◽  
Entire Life ◽  
First Crusade ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
Crusader States

This chapter describes a time before strategy, when the lands of the Middle East were intensely fractured, and trust and loyalty were scarce commodities. It looks at a time when self-interest was paramount and where chaos was so ingrained that an entire life could be lived without knowing anything else. It also talks about wars that are guided by politics, driven by policy objectives, and implemented through strategy but often lost in the rushed outpouring of human actions and emotions. The chapter discusses the liberation of Jerusalem and the end of the First Crusade, where most of the original crusaders returned home and some remained to defend the Holy Land. It also includes the four political entities that are collectively known as the “crusader states”: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County of Tripoli, the Principality of Antioch, and the County of Edessa.

scholarly journals Edward A. Pace: First-Generation Psychologist, Twenty-First Century Role Model

Religions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 590
Author(s):  
Puffer ◽  
Pence
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Role Model ◽  
First Generation ◽  
First Century ◽  
Christian Faith ◽  
Biographical Sketch ◽  
Scientific Psychology ◽  
Catholic University ◽  
Catholic University Of America

In 1891, Edward A. Pace, a Catholic priest and first-generation psychologist, commenced a career at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. Amidst the daunting challenges in being a professor and researcher, particularly at a newly established university, he thrust himself into a third role, apologist. Habits related to the Monsignor’s three roles have contemporary relevance for psychologically-trained Protestants; in this case study, we examine four notable practices. Dr. Pace modeled an appetence for wisdom in multiple disciplines, a keen awareness of rival worldviews, intentional ripostes to Catholic critics of scientific psychology, and last, unrelenting steadfastness to the Christian faith. To characterize the priest-psychologist, we present a brief biographical sketch and an overview of influential historical movements in the zeitgeist of the late 19th and early 20th centuries affecting his life. In addition, the aforementioned habits of Pace and applications for Protestants engaging in psychology in the 21st century are delineated.

A Medieval Urban Church: The Case of the Crusader States

1979 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 159-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Urban Church ◽  
Crusader States

Although the great majority of first-generation western settlers in the crusader states must have come from rural areas, most of them lived in towns when they reached the levant. This presented no problem: there was plenty of space in the towns of Outremer, for the Franks either slaughtered their Moslem inhabitants or, more commonly, expelled them. Initially, therefore, the towns of Frankish Syria were inhabited only by Franks and native Christians. The crusaders did not pursue a similar policy in the countryside because they were conscious of the need to keep an adequate labour-force. Native Christian peasants presented no problem in any case, while the Moslem peasants, who were probably the more numerous, were left undisturbed by their new rulers.

scholarly journals The Rich North-west, The Poor Middle-east – Consumption In EU Households

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-63
Author(s):  
Marlena Piekut
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Consumer Spending ◽  
Freedom Of Choice ◽  
North West ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Favourable Situation

The aim of paper is to analyze household consumption in EU countries in the 21st century. The two hypotheses posited have been confirmed. The start of the 21st century saw an increase in consumer spending in EU households and reduction in the disparities between households of different countries. At the end of the first decade there was a stabilization in consumer spending. The differences in consumption between households can be considered as a) the effect of freedom of choice, and b) a consequence of specific restrictions that do not allow for an appropriate level of funds to meet household needs. Households with the most favourable situation are located in the United Kingdom and Austria. The most unfavourable situation can be observed in the households of Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Romania and Bulgaria.

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