The study of productivity in higher education, and its contribution to local and global economies, has become an increasingly important area of focus for scholars, as well as for those who fund and administer higher education institutions. The reason for greater attention in part comes from the increasing scale of postsecondary education in most countries. Both developed and developing countries have grown their provision of higher education in the last seventy years, and along with this, there has been an increase in per capita enrolment. This growth accelerated during the 1990s and 2000s when the proportion of the worldwide population entering higher education more than doubled. Across all countries one in three young people are now enrolled, requiring the establishment of many more universities, colleges, and other higher education institutions. Universities and colleges now demand a greater proportion of public and private resources and form a larger part of the economic life of most countries. Higher education contributes to growth and economic efficacy and, hence, the overall productivity of an economy. While few scholars dispute the productivity-augmenting power of education, and often research looks at the role of higher education alongside that of primary and secondary education, there remains much debate over the size of the contribution it makes to economic growth, economic efficiency, and, hence, to raising productivity overall. Significant questions remain as to the correlation between higher education system performance and economic growth and whether or not relationships are causal. The most prominent theory linking higher education to economic productivity has been its function in contributing to the development of human capital through the production of skilled graduates. At the same time, the capacity for universities and colleges to contribute to greater economic efficiency depends on their own productivity in educating students and undertaking research. Given the scale of higher education worldwide, how efficient and effective universities and colleges are at educating students is an important productivity question. Research by economists, management scholars, and those who study public administration provides an important entry point for readers who want to access the breadth of research examining productivity and higher education.