scholarly journals Serbian Atlases in the 19th and Early 20th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jelena Glišović ◽  
Žarko Ilić
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
First World War ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Teaching Tool ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Creation ◽  
History Classes ◽  
First World

Abstract. Atlases published in the Serbian language in the 19th and early 20th century, with rare exceptions were used as an auxiliary teaching tool in geography and history classes. The aim of this paper is to point out all the atlases that were in use in Serbian schools until the beginning of the First World War. The analysis of the content of the atlases was performed and presented, and as well as the different methodologies used by the authors during the creation of the atlas. The connection between the geography curriculum and the content of the atlas was pointed out, in accordance with the changes in the geography curriculum during the time. In addition to school atlases, the first atlases, made by Jovan Cvijić, will be presented, which aimed to show maps that relate to a clearly defined topic and these were the first such atlases within the framework of Serbian cartography.

2. Beginnings

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-29
Author(s):  
Frank Ledwidge
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Air Force ◽  
First World War ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Royal Air Force ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

Once powered aircraft had taken to the air in the early 20th century, it did not take long for their potential as a military instrument to be realized. The First World War demonstrated that aeroplanes would indeed be war machines, and very formidable ones. ‘Beginnings: the First World War 1914–1918’ explains that whilst it was never a decisive arm on any WW1 front, all the elements of aircraft’s future deployment were present with the exception of its mobility potential. By the end of the war, the combatant nations had thousands of aircraft in their inventories with their attendant administrative and logistical structures. The world’s first independent air arm, the Royal Air Force, had been formed.

Social charity of children during the First World War

2020 ◽  
pp. 195-202
Author(s):  
Aleksei I. Chubarov ◽  
Pavel P. Shcherbinin
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
First World War ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Lump Sum ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First World

We examine the activities of state, public and charitable organizations aimed at providing assistance to children of lower ranks, called for mobilization and underage refugees. We conduct a brief analysis of the evolution of assistance to children in the Russian Empire from the moment of the adoption of the Charter on Universal Military Service in 1874 to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, during which, along with institutions that had established themselves earlier, organizations that owe their the appearance of military events began to provide assistance to children. The main directions of assistance to minors during the studied period are considered: the issuance of permanent benefits and lump sum payments, the creation of permanent shelters and seasonal nurseries, the organization of primary and labor education. We provide data on social support for orphans during the First World War of 1914–1918 both at the all-Russian and at the governorate level, which makes it possible to assess the options and possibilities of rendering as-sistance to such troubled children. The results of the study of the stated scientific problem made it possible to identify and evaluate not only the possibilities of a welfare state in the Russian Empire of early 20th century, but also bright pages of zemstvo support, charitable initiatives of provincial patrons, social service of various representatives of urban and rural societies. Military everyday life, like a litmus test, outlined the most typical manifestations of social support for orphans in im-perial Russia of early 20th century, as well as elements of civil initiative and social self-organization of various representatives of the country’s population. The ethno-confessional possi-bilities of social support for soldiers’ children are clarified, as well as the organization of the work of agricultural shelters, nurseries and other social organizations and structures.

The Making of the Experimental Subject: Apparatus, Automatism, and the Anxiety of the Early Avant-Garde

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 115-132
Author(s):  
Branden Hookway
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
First World War ◽  
Experimental Subject ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Sensory Thresholds ◽  
World War ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Testing And Measurement ◽  
First World

This essay presents the experimental subject as a figure of modernity. It addresses notions of control, sensory thresholds, automatism, and human agency through a study of experimental psychology and psychological apparatus from the late 19th century to the First World War, juxtaposing this with notions of experimentation in early 20th-century avant-garde movements. The human subject of experimental psychology, defined by its inexpression as it awaits the stimuli of testing and measurement, is treated as a prototype for the present-day user of technological interfaces.

scholarly journals Canada’s Participation in the Imperial Military Bodies in the First World War

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-132
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Simonenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Organizations ◽  
Parliamentary Debates ◽  
Narrative Methods ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Commonwealth Of Nations ◽  
First World

Introduction. The paper is devoted to the participation of Canada in the creation and activities of the Imperial War Cabinet and two Imperial War Conferences of 1917 and 1918 to explain the evolution of the foreign and political status of Canada as a part of the British Empire after the end of the War. Methods and materials. The paper is based on the British and Canadian Parliamentary Debates, Reports, Minutes of Proceedings and Meetings of the Imperial War Conferences 1917/1918 and the Imperial War Cabinet. To study them, it uses the method of historical criticism of sources. The author also uses the historical-genetic, comparative and the narrative methods to investigate the causes, the process of creating and activities of imperial military bodies for the unified management of the war. Analysis. The paper analyzes the reasons for the creation of imperial military organizations in the British Empire during the war. It reveals the organizational and functional differences between the two imperial military bodies: Cabinet and Conference. The author studies the activities of imperial military bodies during the war in detail, determines the role of the Canadian delegation in this process. The article analyzes the decisions of the imperial military bodies, reveals their domestic and foreign policy consequences for Dominion of Canada. Results. Canada’s active participation in the creation and activities of the imperial military bodies during the First World War was one of the factors in the transformation of the Empire into the Commonwealth of Nations, the formation of its own national identity, political and foreign independence within the Empire.

The Foreign Office and British Propaganda during the First World War

1980 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 875-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip M. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Foreign Office ◽  
The Creation ◽  
First World ◽  
New Phase

In July 1918 it was the considered opinion of Lord Northcliffe that propaganda and diplomacy were incompatible. When, only five months earlier, Northcliffe had accepted Lloyd George's invitation to take charge of the newly created department of enemy propaganda, his appointment, coupled with that of Lord Beaverbrook as Britain's first minister of information, had held out the promise of a new phase in the efficiency and co-ordination of Britain's conduct of official propaganda in foreign countries. It was then, in February 1918, that the Foreign Office had finally been forced to relinquish its control over such work. However, the creation of the two new departments had produced an intolerable situation. After three years of inter-departmental rivalry and squabbling over the conduct of propaganda overseas, Whitehall closed ranks on Beaverbrook and Northcliffe and united behind the Foreign Office in opposition to any further transference of related duties into their hands. Now, after five months of continued obstruction, Northcliffe expressed the view that:As a people we do not understand propaganda ways…Propaganda is advertising and diplomacy is no more likely to understand advertising than advertising is likely to understand diplomacy.

The Future of Ideals

2001 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 193-208
Author(s):  
John Skorupski
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
First World War ◽  
Ethical Culture ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
New Period ◽  
Bourgeois Culture ◽  
First World

The early part of the twentieth century was as revolutionary in the domain of ethical ideas as in other realms. An ethical culture inherited from the preceding century was to all appearance destroyed. This culture, the high-bourgeois culture of the nineteenth century, had emerged gradually from years of revolution and counter-revolution, and seemed then to be developing steadily and expanding its reach towards the end of the century and up to the first world war. Yet what followed it, and in fact overlapped with it, being already presaged well before the war, was quite other: the mainly 20th century phase we call ‘Modernism’, acutely fragmented not only in aesthetic but also in ethical terms, marked in politics by nationalist, collectivist and populist clashes. However, Modernism too, and in particular, many of the ideas in ethics which were characteristic of it, now belongs to history. That much has for some time been clear; the change is complicated, confused, hard to outline; discernibly though, we're in a new period and have been for perhaps a third of a century—quite how long depends on which aspect of change one considers, and on how one interprets its character.

Archaeology and contemporaneousness

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-31
Author(s):  
Laurent Olivier
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
First World War ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
World War ◽  
Morphological Attributes ◽  
Archaeological Object ◽  
20Th Century History ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

Gavin Lucas has returned to the theme of archaeological time, which has long interested him, and, in this paper, to contemporaneousness in archaeology. For a historian, contemporaneousness is a straightforward matter. The First World War and the Russian Revolution, for example, are considered contemporaneous because the two events took place during the same period of time. Both significantly influenced the course of 20th-century history and influenced each other as well. But for an archaeologist, the very notion of chronology is fundamentally problematic. We date an archaeological object or feature on the basis of morphological attributes that allow us to estimate the time during which it was created. In other words, a historical date (the actual date when some vestige came to be) corresponds, in archaeology, to a probable length of time. Archaeological time floats.

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