scholarly journals Scope and Key Areas of Medical Image Processing

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-85
Author(s):  
Mei- Ling
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Medical Image ◽  
Clinical Image ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Image Transfer ◽  
Current Health ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health Monitoring Systems

Over the past century, scientific advances in diagnostic devices have offered new potential for noninvasive diagnoses and entrenched computed tomography as a critical component of today's health services. The multidisciplinary field of health image analysis is one of the key areas of innovation that represents these achievements. This area of rapid growth deals with a wide range of operations that support the whole data flow in current health monitoring systems (from raw data capture through digital image transfer). These technologies now have better spatial and luminance resolutions, as well as quicker collection periods, resulting in a large volume of high critical image files that must be appropriately processed and evaluated in order to provide reliable diagnostics findings. This article examines the core kinds of clinical image analysis, as well as the background of various imaging technologies and the major difficulties and developments in the field.

scholarly journals Rapid climate-driven evolution of the invasive species Mytilus galloprovincialis over the past century

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-29
Author(s):  
Guo-Dong Han ◽  
Yun-Wei Dong
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Mytilus Galloprovincialis ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Northwestern Pacific ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Adaptive Genetic Variation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range

Climate-driven adaptive genetic variation is one of the most important ways for organisms to tolerate environmental change and succeed in altered environments. To understand rapid climate-driven evolution, and how this evolution might shift biogeographic distributions in response to global change, we measured the adaptive genetic variation to the local environment of a marine invasive species Mytilus galloprovincialis. The genetic structure of eight populations from the Mediterranean Sea, northeastern Atlantic, northeastern Pacific, and northwestern Pacific were determined using genome-wide screens for single nucleotide polymorphisms. The relationships of genetic variation to environmental (seawater and air) temperature were analyzed using redundancy analysis and BayeScEnv analysis to evaluate the impacts of temperature on the genetic divergences among these eight populations. We found that the genetic compositions were significantly different among populations and the adaptive genetic variation was associated with temperature variables. Further, we identified some genetic markers exhibiting signatures of divergent selection in association with environmental features that can be used in the future to closely monitor adaptive variation in this species. Our results suggest that divergent climatic factors have driven adaptive genetic variation in M. galloprovincialis over the past century. The rapid evolutionary adaptation has played a pivotal role in enabling this species to invade a wide range of thermal habitats successfully. Species like M. galloprovincialis that possess high levels of genetic variation may not only be especially capable of invading new habitats with different environmental conditions, but also poised to cope rapidly and successfully with rising global temperatures.

scholarly journals A Historical Perspective on Measurements of Solar Irradiance

1994 ◽  
Vol 143 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
V. Gaizauskas
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Radiant Energy ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Solar Constant ◽  
Terrestrial Environment ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Wide Range

Recent measurements made from platforms in space prove beyond question that the radiant energy received from the Sun at the Earth, once called the ‘solar constant’, fluctuates over a wide range of amplitudes and time scales. The source of that variability and its impact on our terrestrial environment pose major challenges for modern science. We are confronted with a tangled web of facts which requires the combined ingenuity of solar, stellar, planetary and atmospheric scientists to unravel. This brief overview draws attention to key developments during the past century which shaped our concepts about sources of solar variability and their connection with solar activity.

Introduction to Practicing Anthropology in Senegal

1997 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Human Suffering ◽  
Research Opportunities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range

The numerous problems Africans face are familiar to all of us, in part because an ever-present media depicts graphic scenes of civil wars and refugees, recurrent droughts, and the heart-wrenching human suffering associated with widespread poverty. The appeal of fieldwork in Africa has attracted a large number of anthropologists over the past century whose accomplishments and insights have contributed greatly to the advancement of the discipline as a whole. The immense human and biophysical diversity that characterizes Africa continues to provide anthropologists with a wide range of exciting research opportunities relevant to some perceived "problem." Anthropologists have worked with their African colleagues on many of these topical problems, and notable examples have been published in previous editions of Practicing Anthropology.

Noise, narration and nose-pegs: Adapting Shakespeare for radio

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-58
Author(s):  
Andrea Smith
Keyword(s):  
Good Deal ◽  
Director General ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sound Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Way

The BBC’s first director general, John Reith, believed the plays of Shakespeare were perfect for radio, with ‘little in the way of setting and scenery’ and relying chiefly on plot and acting. However, a closer look at the texts reveals that many require a good deal of adaptation to work in sound only. That has not stopped BBC radio producers creating hundreds of productions over the past century. Instead, it has spurred many of them on to greater creativity. Initially reliant on narration, producers began to devise a wide range of techniques to make Shakespeare comprehensible without visuals. These include specially devised sound effects, soundscapes and music, as well as distorting the actors’ voices in various ways, including using nose-pegs and the assistance of the Radiophonic Workshop. This article uses audio and written evidence to uncover those techniques and examines how successful they have been deemed to be.

The lingering core of legal scholarship

Legal Studies ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Bartie
Keyword(s):  
Past Century ◽  
Legal Scholarship ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Way

The purpose of this paper is to consider how leading scholars are interpreting the role and status of the core tenets of legal scholarship in England and Australia – the tenets that have provided an element of unity in legal scholarship over the past century or so. Instead of focusing on the way that scholarship has diversified and expanded, the paper considers whether elements of the prior orthodoxy have remained: do the tenets persist, what status are they afforded and what impact will their presence have on the future identity of the discipline and its conception of law? The paper captures insights into the way that scholars – as opposed to administrators or managers – are interpreting changes in the discipline. It is based on the premise that scholarly attitudes can shape the discipline and that therefore such attitudes are worthy of study.

Recent advances in β-lactam synthesis

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (38) ◽  
pp. 6840-6852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyedmorteza Hosseyni ◽  
Aliasghar Jarrahpour
Keyword(s):  
Past Century ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Advances

During the past century, β-lactams have been identified as the core of penicillin and since then several strategies have been developed for their synthesis.

scholarly journals DEM modeling of ice cuttings transportation by electromechanical auger core drills

2014 ◽  
Vol 55 (68) ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hong ◽  
P. Talalay ◽  
M. Sysoev ◽  
X. Fan
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Element Method ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Low Power Consumption ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Polar Ice ◽  
Ice Caps ◽  
Mountain Glaciers ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractElectromechanical auger core drills are widely used in shallow ice-coring practice on mountain glaciers and polar ice caps and sheets. Generally, these drills are lightweight, can be readily transported to remote drilling sites, are easily installed there and drill with relatively high rates of penetration and low power consumption. During the past few decades, dozens of electromechanical auger drills have been designed. However, the auger options were usually determined by experience, and the main parameters (auger angle and rotation speed) are varied in a wide range from drill to drill. In order to choose the optimal auger parameters, the discrete element method (DEM) is used to analyze the performance of cuttings transportation for different rotation speeds in the range 50–200 rpm and auger angles in the range 15–45°. To improve the efficiency of cuttings transportation, many factors have to be considered (e.g. particle sizes and their variability, ice temperature, material of the core barrel and jacket, and availability of needed driven motor-gears). For the conditions assumed in the present studies, the recommended rotation speed is 100 rpm at auger angles of 35–40°.

scholarly journals Immunological Effects of Histotripsy for Cancer Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alissa Hendricks-Wenger ◽  
Ruby Hutchison ◽  
Eli Vlaisavljevich ◽  
Irving Coy Allen
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Distant Metastases ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Full Picture ◽  
Immunological Effects

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide despite major advancements in diagnosis and therapy over the past century. One of the most debilitating aspects of cancer is the burden brought on by metastatic disease. Therefore, an ideal treatment protocol would address not only debulking larger primary tumors but also circulating tumor cells and distant metastases. To address this need, the use of immune modulating therapies has become a pillar in the oncology armamentarium. A therapeutic option that has recently emerged is the use of focal ablation therapies that can destroy a tumor through various physical or mechanical mechanisms and release a cellular lysate with the potential to stimulate an immune response. Histotripsy is a non-invasive, non-ionizing, non-thermal, ultrasound guided ablation technology that has shown promise over the past decade as a debulking therapy. As histotripsy therapies have developed, the full picture of the accompanying immune response has revealed a wide range of immunogenic mechanisms that include DAMP and anti-tumor mediator release, changes in local cellular immune populations, development of a systemic immune response, and therapeutic synergism with the inclusion of checkpoint inhibitor therapies. These studies also suggest that there is an immune effect from histotripsy therapies across multiple murine tumor types that may be reproducible. Overall, the effects of histotripsy on tumors show a positive effect on immunomodulation.

scholarly journals Semi-Supervised Medical Image Detection with Adaptive Consistency and Heterogeneous Perturbation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Yu Zhou ◽  
Chengdi Wang ◽  
Haofeng Li ◽  
Gang Wang ◽  
Weimin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Medical Image ◽  
Medical Image Analysis ◽  
Feature Space ◽  
Unlabeled Data ◽  
Segmentation Methods ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Supervised Methods ◽  
Image Representations ◽  
Effective Supervision

Semi-Supervised classification and segmentation methods have been widely investigated in medical image analysis. Both approaches can improve the performance of fully-supervised methods with additional unlabeled data. However, as a fundamental task, semi-supervised object detection has not gained enough attention in the field of medical image analysis. In this paper, we propose a novel Semi-Supervised Medical image Detector (SSMD). The motivation behind SSMD is to provide free yet effective supervision for unlabeled data, by regularizing the predictions at each position to be consistent. To achieve the above idea, we develop a novel adaptive consistency cost function to regularize different components in the predictions. Moreover, we introduce heterogeneous perturbation strategies that work in both feature space and image space, so that the proposed detector is promising to produce powerful image representations and robust predictions. Extensive experimental results show that the proposed SSMD achieves the state-of-the-art performance at a wide range of settings. We also demonstrate the strength of each proposed module with comprehensive ablation studies.

Antibody engineering

1989 ◽  
Vol 324 (1224) ◽  
pp. 537-547 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Binding Sites ◽  
Antibody Engineering ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Antibody Molecule ◽  
Effector Functions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Complement Lysis

The antibody molecule is a therapeutic agent, designed by nature to bind to a wide range of antigen molecules and to trigger effector functions, such as complement lysis and cell-mediated killing. The genes encoding antibodies can be manipulated in vitro , allowing the binding sites for antigen and effector molecules to be dissected, and new properties to be engineered. The future for the application of engineered antibodies in medicine is reviewed in the context of the past century.

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