Public Health Implications of Avian Influenza Viruses

2009 ◽  
pp. 453-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy J. Cox ◽  
Timothy M. Uyeki
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Health Implications

scholarly journals H5N1 infections in cats – public health implications

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Collective Influenza team (ECDC)
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Animal Group ◽  
Health Implications ◽  
Natural Reservoir ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

The natural reservoir of influenza viruses is generally considered to be wild waterbirds. In this animal group, many species of influenza viruses circulate without seeming to cause much disease, and are therefore known as ‘low pathogenic’ avian influenza viruses

scholarly journals Guinea Pig Model for Evaluating the Potential Public Health Risk of Swine and Avian Influenza Viruses

PLoS ONE ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. e15537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yipeng Sun ◽  
Yuhai Bi ◽  
Juan Pu ◽  
Yanxin Hu ◽  
Jingjing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Pig Model ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Public Health Risk ◽  
Guinea Pig Model ◽  
Potential Public Health

scholarly journals Continuous Reassortment of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 Highly Pathogenetic Avian Influenza Viruses Demonstrating High Risk to Public Health

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huanan Li ◽  
Qian Li ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
Yang Guo ◽  
Jinchao Xing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
The World

Since it firstly emerged in China in 2013, clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) has rapidly replaced predominant H5N1 to become the dominant H5 subtype in China, especially in ducks. Not only endemic in China, it also crossed the geographical barrier and emerged in South Korea, Japan, and Europe. Here, we analyzed the genetic properties of the clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs with full genome sequences available online together with our own isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed that clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs continuously reassorted with local H5, H6, and H7N9/H9N2. Species analysis reveals that aquatic poultry and migratory birds became the dominant hosts of H5N6. Adaption to aquatic poultry might help clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 better adapt to migratory birds, thus enabling it to become endemic in China. Besides, migratory birds might help clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 transmit all over the world. Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs also showed a preference for α2,6-SA receptors when compared to other avian origin influenza viruses. Experiments in vitro and in vivo revealed that clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs exhibited high replication efficiency in both avian and mammal cells, and it also showed high pathogenicity in both mice and chickens, demonstrating high risk to public health. Considering all the factors together, adaption to aquatic poultry and migratory birds helps clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 overcome the geographical isolation, and it has potential to be the next influenza pandemic in the world, making it worthy of our attention.

Public Health Risk from Avian Influenza Viruses

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Perdue ◽  
David E. Swayne
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Public Health Risk

scholarly journals Epidemiology, Evolution, and Recent Outbreaks of Avian Influenza Virus in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (17) ◽  
pp. 8671-8676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuo Su ◽  
Yuhai Bi ◽  
Gary Wong ◽  
Gregory C. Gray ◽  
George F. Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Recent Increase ◽  
And Control

Novel reassortants of H7N9, H10N8, and H5N6 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are currently circulating in China's poultry flocks, occasionally infecting humans and other mammals. Combined with the sometimes enzootic H5N1 and H9N2 strains, this cauldron of genetically diverse AIVs pose significant risks to public health. Here, we review the epidemiology, evolution, and recent outbreaks of AIVs in China, discuss reasons behind the recent increase in the emergence of novel AIVs, and identify warning signs which may point to the emergence of a potentially virulent and highly transmissible AIV to humans. This review will be useful to authorities who consider options for the detection and control of AIV transmission in animals and humans, with the goal of preventing future epidemics and pandemics.

scholarly journals A Novel A(H7N2) Influenza Virus Isolated from a Veterinarian Caring for Cats in a New York City Animal Shelter Causes Mild Disease and Transmits Poorly in the Ferret Model

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica A. Belser ◽  
Joanna A. Pulit-Penaloza ◽  
Xiangjie Sun ◽  
Nicole Brock ◽  
Claudia Pappas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
York City ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses

ABSTRACT In December 2016, a low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A(H7N2) virus was identified to be the causative source of an outbreak in a cat shelter in New York City, which subsequently spread to multiple shelters in the states of New York and Pennsylvania. One person with occupational exposure to infected cats became infected with the virus, representing the first LPAI H7N2 virus infection in a human in North America since 2003. Considering the close contact that frequently occurs between companion animals and humans, it was critical to assess the relative risk of this novel virus to public health. The virus isolated from the human case, A/New York/108/2016 (NY/108), caused mild and transient illness in ferrets and mice but did not transmit to naive cohoused ferrets following traditional or aerosol-based inoculation methods. The environmental persistence of NY/108 virus was generally comparable to that of other LPAI H7N2 viruses. However, NY/108 virus replicated in human bronchial epithelial cells with an increased efficiency compared with that of previously isolated H7N2 viruses. Furthermore, the novel H7N2 virus was found to utilize a relatively lower pH for hemagglutinin activation, similar to human influenza viruses. Our data suggest that the LPAI H7N2 virus requires further adaptation before representing a substantial threat to public health. However, the reemergence of an LPAI H7N2 virus in the northeastern United States underscores the need for continuous surveillance of emerging zoonotic influenza viruses inclusive of mammalian species, such as domestic felines, that are not commonly considered intermediate hosts for avian influenza viruses. IMPORTANCE Avian influenza viruses are capable of crossing the species barrier to infect mammals, an event of public health concern due to the potential acquisition of a pandemic phenotype. In December 2016, an H7N2 virus caused an outbreak in cats in multiple animal shelters in New York State. This was the first detection of this virus in the northeastern United States in over a decade and the first documented infection of a felid with an H7N2 virus. A veterinarian became infected following occupational exposure to H7N2 virus-infected cats, necessitating the evaluation of this virus for its capacity to cause disease in mammals. While the H7N2 virus was associated with mild illness in mice and ferrets and did not spread well between ferrets, it nonetheless possessed several markers of virulence for mammals. These data highlight the promiscuity of influenza viruses and the need for diligent surveillance across multiple species to quickly identify an emerging strain with pandemic potential.

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