Discovery and Epidemiology of the Human Polyomaviruses BK Virus (BKV) and JC Virus (JCV)

2007 ◽  
pp. 19-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy A. Knowles
Keyword(s):  
Jc Virus ◽  
Bk Virus ◽  
Human Polyomaviruses

scholarly journals Regulation of Gene Expression in Primate Polyomaviruses

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (21) ◽  
pp. 10846-10856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martyn K. White ◽  
Mahmut Safak ◽  
Kamel Khalili
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Jc Virus ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
T Antigen ◽  
Bk Virus ◽  
Viral Gene ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Cell Type Specificity ◽  
Karolinska Institute ◽  
Human Polyomaviruses

ABSTRACT Polyomaviruses are a growing family of small DNA viruses with a narrow tropism for both the host species and the cell type in which they productively replicate. Species host range may be constrained by requirements for precise molecular interactions between the viral T antigen, host replication proteins, including DNA polymerase, and the viral origin of replication, which are required for viral DNA replication. Cell type specificity involves, at least in part, transcription factors that are necessary for viral gene expression and restricted in their tissue distribution. In the case of the human polyomaviruses, BK virus (BKV) replication occurs in the tubular epithelial cells of the kidney, causing nephropathy in kidney allograft recipients, while JC virus (JCV) replication occurs in the glial cells of the central nervous system, where it causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Three new human polyomaviruses have recently been discovered: MCV was found in Merkel cell carcinoma samples, while Karolinska Institute Virus and Washington University Virus were isolated from the respiratory tract. We discuss control mechanisms for gene expression in primate polyomaviruses, including simian vacuolating virus 40, BKV, and JCV. These mechanisms include not only modulation of promoter activities by transcription factor binding but also enhancer rearrangements, restriction of DNA methylation, alternate early mRNA splicing, cis-acting elements in the late mRNA leader sequence, and the production of viral microRNA.

scholarly journals Human Polyomaviruses in Skin Diseases

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ugo Moens ◽  
Maria Ludvigsen ◽  
Marijke Van Ghelue
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Jc Virus ◽  
Rolling Circle Amplification ◽  
Simian Virus 40 ◽  
Simian Virus ◽  
Bk Virus ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Rolling Circle ◽  
Human Polyomaviruses

Polyomaviruses are a family of small, nonenveloped viruses with a circular double-stranded DNA genome of ∼5,000 base pairs protected by an icosahedral protein structure. So far, members of this family have been identified in birds and mammals. Until 2006, BK virus (BKV), JC virus (JCV), and simian virus 40 (SV40) were the only polyomaviruses known to circulate in the human population. Their occurrence in individuals was mainly confirmed by PCR and the presence of virus-specific antibodies. Using the same methods, lymphotropic polyomavirus, originally isolated in monkeys, was recently shown to be present in healthy individuals although with much lower incidence than BKV, JCV, and SV40. The use of advanced high-throughput sequencing and improved rolling circle amplification techniques have identified the novel human polyomaviruses KI, WU, Merkel cell polyomavirus, HPyV6, HPyV7, trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus, and HPyV9. The skin tropism of human polyomaviruses and their dermatopathologic potentials are the focus of this paper.

scholarly journals Quantification of Human Polyomaviruses JC Virus and BK Virus by TaqMan Quantitative PCR and Comparison to Other Water Quality Indicators in Water and Fecal Samples

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
pp. 3379-3388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon M. McQuaig ◽  
Troy M. Scott ◽  
Jerzy O. Lukasik ◽  
John H. Paul ◽  
Valerie J. Harwood
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Jc Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
T Antigen ◽  
Bk Virus ◽  
Qpcr Assay ◽  
Gene Copies ◽  
Bodies Of Water ◽  
Human Polyomaviruses

ABSTRACT In the United States, total maximum daily load standards for bodies of water that do not meet bacterial water quality standards are set by each state. The presence of human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) can be used as an indicator of human-associated sewage pollution in these waters. We have developed and optimized a TaqMan quantitative PCR (QPCR) assay based on the conserved T antigen to both quantify and simultaneously detect two HPyVs; JC virus and BK virus. The QPCR assay was able to consistently quantify ≥10 gene copies per reaction and is linear over 5 orders of magnitude. HPyVs were consistently detected in human waste samples (57 of 64) and environmental waters with known human fecal contamination (5 of 5) and were not amplified in DNA extracted from 127 animal waste samples from 14 species. HPyV concentrations in sewage decreased 81.2 and 84.2% over 28 days incubation at 25 and 35°C, respectively. HPyVs results were compared to Escherichia coli, fecal coliform, and enterococci concentrations and the presence of three other human-associated microbes: Bacteroidetes, Methanobrevibacter smithii, and adenovirus. HPyVs were the most frequently detected of these in human and contaminated environmental samples and were more human specific than the Bacteroidetes (HF183) or M. smithii. HPyVs and M. smithii more closely mimicked the persistence of adenovirus in sewage than the other microbes. The use of this rapid and quantitative assay in water quality research could help regulatory agencies to identify sources of water pollution for improved remediation of contaminated waters and ultimately protect humans from exposure to pathogens.

scholarly journals Direct Correlation between Sialic Acid Binding and Infection of Cells by Two Human Polyomaviruses (JC Virus and BK Virus)

2007 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 2560-2564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aisling S. Dugan ◽  
Megan L. Gasparovic ◽  
Walter J. Atwood
Keyword(s):  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Jc Virus ◽  
Carbohydrate Chain ◽  
Bk Virus ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Linkage Data ◽  
Surface Binding ◽  
Virus Binding ◽  
Successful Infection ◽  
Human Polyomaviruses

ABSTRACT For the human polyomaviruses JC virus (JCV) and BK virus (BKV), the first step to a successful infection involves binding to sialic acid moieties located on the surfaces of host cells. By stripping and then reconstituting specific sialic acid linkages on host cells, we show that JCV uses both α(2,3)-linked and α(2,6)-linked sialic acids on N-linked glycoproteins to infect cells. For both JCV and BKV, the sialic acid linkages required for cell surface binding directly correlate with the linkages required for infection. In addition to sialic acid linkage data, these data suggest that the third sugar from the carbohydrate chain terminus is important for virus binding and infection.

scholarly journals Discriminating between JCPyV and BKPyV in Urinary Virome Data Sets

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1041
Author(s):  
Rita Mormando ◽  
Alan J. Wolfe ◽  
Catherine Putonti
Keyword(s):  
Jc Virus ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Bk Virus ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Significant Sequence Similarity ◽  
Sequence Identity ◽  
Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Urinary Microbiome ◽  
Six Genes

Polyomaviruses are abundant in the human body. The polyomaviruses JC virus (JCPyV) and BK virus (BKPyV) are common viruses in the human urinary tract. Prior studies have estimated that JCPyV infects between 20 and 80% of adults and that BKPyV infects between 65 and 90% of individuals by age 10. However, these two viruses encode for the same six genes and share 75% nucleotide sequence identity across their genomes. While prior urinary virome studies have repeatedly reported the presence of JCPyV, we were interested in seeing how JCPyV prevalence compares to BKPyV. We retrieved all publicly available shotgun metagenomic sequencing reads from urinary microbiome and virome studies (n = 165). While one third of the data sets produced hits to JCPyV, upon further investigation were we able to determine that the majority of these were in fact BKPyV. This distinction was made by specifically mining for JCPyV and BKPyV and considering uniform coverage across the genome. This approach provides confidence in taxon calls, even between closely related viruses with significant sequence similarity.

scholarly journals Specific Detection of Human BK Polyomavirus in Urine Samples of Immunocompromised Patients

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol J. Holman ◽  
Jo-Anne H. van Burik ◽  
Steven H. Hinrichs ◽  
Henry H. Balfour
Keyword(s):  
Jc Virus ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Bk Virus ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Proteinase K ◽  
Restriction Enzyme Digestion ◽  
Immunocompromised Patients ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Dna Precipitation ◽  
Serial Dilutions

ABSTRACT A semiquantitative PCR assay for the detection of BK virus in urine was developed using primers for BK virus that specifically amplified BK but not JC virus. DNA was extracted from urine through treatment with proteinase K followed by DNA precipitation with sodium acetate. Semiquantitation was achieved by amplifying serial dilutions (1:1, 1:10, 1:100, and 1:1,000) of the urine specimens. Each assay included both positive (stock BK virus and previously positive patient urine) and negative (no template) controls. A urine sample was interpreted as positive if any of the serial dilutions showed amplification of the DNA fragment of the expected size. For some patient-derived samples, amplification of the expected-size fragment was achieved with a dilute template whereas no amplification was achieved with a concentrated template. This was attributed to interfering substances in the urine. PCR results were compared with urine cytology and shown to be more sensitive. Validation studies were performed at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, utilizing a separate qualitative PCR assay that detects both BK and JC virus and distinguishes between them by restriction enzyme digestion patterns. Of 46 urine samples analyzed using both methods, 22 were positive by both assays, 18 were negative by both assays, 5 were positive only by the Nebraska method, and 1 was positive only by our method. In comparison with the Nebraska PCR, our PCR assay had a sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 95%. For twenty-one (43%) of 49 immunocompromised patients, tests were postive when specimens were submitted because of clinical suspicion of BK virus infection.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document