Equity Finance: Financing Innovation and Long-Term Household Wealth

2021 ◽  
pp. 371-401
Author(s):  
John E. Silvia
Keyword(s):  
Household Wealth ◽  
Equity Finance

scholarly journals Healthy Bodies and Thick Wallets: The Dual Relation Between Health and Economic Status

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P Smith
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Cumulative Effects ◽  
Household Savings ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Medical Expenses ◽  
Dual Relation ◽  
Access To Medical Care

This paper sketches theoretical reasons why health may alter household savings and provides evidence on the empirical impact of health shocks on household wealth. The impacts on saving are quantitatively large and only partly explained by increased out-of-pocket medical expenses. Other contributing factors include reduced earnings and a revision in life expectancy. The author also delves into reasons why economic status, access to medical care, and deleterious personal behaviors have been rejected as insufficient explanations. New theories emphasize long-term impacts of early childhood or even intrauterine factors, cumulative effects of prolonged exposures to stress, or reactions of macrosocietal factors like rising levels of income inequality.

Determinants of smallholder farmers’ adoption of short-term and long-term sustainable land management practices

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moses Mosonsieyiri Kansanga ◽  
Isaac Luginaah ◽  
Rachel Bezner Kerr ◽  
Laifolo Dakishoni ◽  
Esther Lupafya
Keyword(s):  
Land Management ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sustainable Land Management ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Farming Households

Abstract Despite increasing land degradation in sub-Saharan Africa, investment in sustainable land management (SLM) remains low. Empirical evidence show that smallholder farmers tend to prioritize investing in SLM practices with short-term turnover—e.g., composting and crop residue integration—in order to improve soil fertility and yields to the neglect of practices like agroforestry whose benefits tend to materialize in a relatively longer period. While it is crucial for farmers to prioritize both short-term and long-term SLM practices for the maintenance of overall ecosystem health, the factors that shape the concurrent adoption of short-term and long-term SLM practices remain underexplored. Using data from a cross-sectional survey with smallholder farming households (n = 512) in Malawi, we employed logistic regression to examine the determinants of the concurrent adoption of short-term and long-term SLM practices. Our findings show that plot size, farmer-to-farmer knowledge sharing, presence of a chronically ill person in the household, active household labor size, wealth and women's autonomy are noteworthy determinants. A unit increase in plot size was associated with increased odds (OR = 1.41, p < 0.01) of simultaneously adopting short-term and long-term SLM practices. Similarly, a unit increase in the active labor size of the household (OR = 1.30, p < 0.001) was positively associated with the concurrent adoption of short-term and long-term SLM practices. Households with no chronically sick person were 3.2 times more likely to adopt short-term and long-term SLM practices simulataneously compared to those with chronically sick persons. Farming households that exchanged farming information (OR = 2.50, p < 0.001) with other households had significantly higher odds of adopting short-term and long-term SLM practices concurrently than those that did not share farming information. Compared to households in the poorest wealth category, those in the richer (OR = 3.14, p < 0.001) and richest (OR = 3.64, p < 0.001) wealth categories were both significantly more likely to adopt short-term and long-term SLM practices concurrently. These findings suggest that initiatives targeted at promoting the holistic adoption of SLM practices—a combination of both short-term and long-term practices—must pay attention to contextual nuances including household wealth, gender, farmer training and land access dynamics.

A People’s Portfolio of the United States

Divested ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 137-156
Author(s):  
Ken-Hou Lin ◽  
Megan Tobias Neely
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Wealth Accumulation ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth ◽  
Baby Boomer Generation ◽  
Social Class Inequality

This chapter focuses on how finance has transformed household wealth—a trend with long-term implications for how social-class inequality becomes entrenched. It first reviews the uneven distribution of wealth in the United States. Wealth inequality has risen since the last quarter of the 20th century. Today, fewer American families have sufficient means to accumulate wealth over time, and the concentration of capital in the hands of a select few has widened the fault line between the richest and the rest. The chapter also examines how the distribution of wealth has changed across generations—more precisely, what social scientists call “cohorts.” That is, wealth for the baby boomer generation differs greatly from wealth among the millennials. Since wealth accumulation develops over the course of a person’s life, families in young adulthood and near retirement are considered.

scholarly journals Use of effective lids reduces presence of mosquito larvae in household water storage containers in urban and peri-urban Zika risk areas of Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessie Pinchoff ◽  
Martha Silva ◽  
Kathryn Spielman ◽  
Paul Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
El Salvador ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Breeding Site ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Storage Containers

Abstract Background In 2015, an outbreak of Zika virus spread across Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Public health programs promoted vector control behaviors, including covering water storage containers with lids. Such approaches disrupt Zika transmission by eliminating the habitats of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which breeds in stagnant water. Methods A quantitative household survey and observation checklist with trained enumerators were undertaken between August and October 2018 in selected urban/peri-urban USAID implementation communities in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. The survey included questions regarding knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to Zika virus. An accompanying checklist was implemented to observe water storage containers, including for short-term and long-term water use. The characteristics of these containers were tabulated, including the presence of a lid. The lids were examined for key features to determine their potential effectiveness to prevent mosquito breeding: fully covering and sealing the container, not having holes, and not having water on them (potentially creating a secondary breeding site). Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the effectiveness of lid types and characteristics on the presence of larvae. Results Overall, in adjusted models, using an effective lid versus no lid was associated with a 94% decrease in odds of larval presence in long-term water storage containers (odds ratio = 0.06; 95% confidence interval [0.029, 0.152]); however, similar impacts were not observed for washbasins in the adjusted models. Models adjusted for household wealth, receiving a visit from a vector control technician, scrubbing the container in the last 7 days, and perception of more mosquitoes around. Conclusions Effective lids, if made available and coupled with complementary behavioral messaging, may reduce transmission of Zika and other Aedes mosquito-borne diseases in the LAC region.

scholarly journals THE COGNITIVE TRANSITION IN MEXICO: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY AND LOCAL GOVERNANCE IMPACTS

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (16) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
David Mayer-Foulkes
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Economic Geography ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Private Goods ◽  
Publicly Provided Goods ◽  
Index Decomposition ◽  
Cognitive Transition

This article shows that cognitive ability dynamics interact with both individual and local indicators of macroeconomic wellbeing, publicly provided goods and private goods, through 141 localities in Mexico. The link of these various goods with inequity is compared quantitatively using the concentration index decomposition. The set of individual characteristics including paternal and maternal cognitive ability, whether mother works, father’s schooling and household wealth, and the set of local characteristics including local economic activity, local public policy and local marginalization indicators, each have significant connections with the formation of cognitive ability. Living in a rural locality is associated with one fourth of inequities in cognitive ability. This is consistent with a model of human development and economic growth exhibiting aggregate macroeconomic channels through which economic geography and local governance can lead to stratification and divergence in welfare indicators. There is a long-term transition towards higher levels of cognitive ability that will take several generations to converge at the current rate.

Rich Pickings? Risk, Return, and Skill in Household Wealth

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (9) ◽  
pp. 2703-2747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Bach ◽  
Laurent E. Calvet ◽  
Paolo Sodini
Keyword(s):  
Idiosyncratic Risk ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Expected Return ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Net Worth ◽  
Average Return ◽  
Risk Free Rate ◽  
Free Rate

We investigate wealth returns on an administrative panel containing the disaggregated balance sheets of Swedish residents. The expected return on household net wealth is strongly persistent, determined primarily by systematic risk, and increasing in net worth, exceeding the risk-free rate by the size of the equity premium for households in the top 0.01 percent. Idiosyncratic risk is transitory but generates substantial long-term dispersion in returns in top brackets. Systematic and idiosyncratic risk both drive the cross-sectional distribution of the geometric average return over a generation. Furthermore, wealth returns explain most of the historical increase in top wealth shares. (JEL D31, G11, G51)

scholarly journals Informal land investments and wealth accumulation in the context of regularization: case studies from Dar es Salaam and Mwanza

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manja Hoppe Andreasen ◽  
Gordon McGranahan ◽  
Alphonce Kyessi ◽  
Wilbard Kombe
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Housing Development ◽  
Housing System ◽  
Wealth Accumulation ◽  
Informal Housing ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Research Findings

Between half and three-quarters of new housing development in African cities has been taking place on land acquired through informal channels. This paper offers insights from a study of self-builders’ investments in informal land and housing in Dar es Salaam and Mwanza, two of the largest and fastest-growing cities in Tanzania. The findings demonstrate that self-builders’ investments in informal land and self-built housing are inextricably linked with household wealth accumulation processes and long-term security. In light of the research findings, the paper offers reflections on the potential impacts of ongoing land formalization processes. The paper argues that the informal housing system has far more advantages than appreciated by proponents of formalization, that the vision of bringing “dead capital” to life is misleading, and that the anticipated emergence of active formal markets for land and housing may not serve the needs or interests of low- and middle-income households.

scholarly journals The Long-Term Impact of Household Wealth on Income Mobility

2017 ◽  
Vol 08 (03) ◽  
pp. 341-350
Author(s):  
Kai Zhang ◽  
Dan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Household Wealth ◽  
Income Mobility ◽  
Long Term Impact
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