Alteration of in House Wastewater Flow with Low Flush Toilet Fixtures and Graywater Recycle

1982 ◽  
pp. 25-42
Author(s):  
W. C. Boyle ◽  
R. L. Siegrist ◽  
D. L. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Flush Toilet

Downstream implications of ultra-low flush WCs

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Littlewood ◽  
F.A. Memon ◽  
D. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Drainage Network ◽  
Design Rules ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Solids Transport ◽  
Transport Distance ◽  
Drainage Design ◽  
Drainage Pipe ◽  
Flush Toilet

This paper examines some of the issues associated with the impacts of water demand management on the drainage network. In particular, it is argued that with the advent of lower water use WCs, much lower volumes and flow rates will be available to transport gross solids in sewers. The paper reports some of the results of a study to evaluate the performance of one such ultra-low flush WC in terms of limiting solids transport distance. It was found that the ultra-low flush toilet performed as well as a conventional WC, but only when connected to a 50mm diameter drainage pipe. The implication is that for best use of this technology, and other innovative devices, new building drainage design rules will need to be devised.

Sir John Harington, Thomas Crapper, and the Flush Toilet

1978 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 1145-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
HERBERT L. DuPONT ◽  
WILLIAM B. BEAN
Keyword(s):  
Flush Toilet

scholarly journals Prevalence, socio-demographic and environmental determinants of asthma in 4621 Ghanaian adults: Evidence from Wave 2 of the World Health Organization’s study on global AGEing and adult health

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243642
Author(s):  
Justice Moses K. Aheto ◽  
Emilia A. Udofia ◽  
Eugene Kallson ◽  
George Mensah ◽  
Minicuci Nadia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
World Health ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Environmental Determinants ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Household Factors ◽  
Toilet Facility ◽  
Flush Toilet ◽  
Global Ageing

Background A previous multi-site study involving lower- and middle-income countries demonstrated that asthma in older adults is associated with long-term exposure to particulate matter, male gender and smoking. However, variations may occur within individual countries, which are relevant to inform health promoting policies as populations live longer. The present study estimates asthma prevalence and examines the sociodemographic characteristics and environmental determinants associated with asthma in older adults in Ghana. Methods This study utilised data from the nationally representative World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Ghana Wave 2. A final sample of 4621 individuals residing in 3970 households was used in analytical modelling. Factors associated with asthma were investigated using single level and multilevel binary logistic regression models. Results Asthma was reported by 102 (2.2%) respondents. Factors associated with asthma in the univariate model were: those aged 60–69 (OR = 5.22, 95% CI: 1.24, 21.95) and 70 or more (OR = 5.56, 95% CI: 1.33, 23.26) years, Ga-Adangbe dialect group (OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.71), no religion (OR = 3.59, 95% CI: 1.77, 7.28), having moderate (OR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.13, 2.75) and bad/very bad (OR = 2.75, 95% CI: 1.58, 4.80) health state, and severe/extreme difficulty with self-care (OR = 3.49, 95% CI: 1.23, 9.88) and non-flush toilet facility (OR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.99). Factors independently associated with asthma in the adjusted models were: those aged 60–69 (OR = 4.49, 95% CI: 1.03, 19.55) years, father with primary education or less (OR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.17, 0.94), no religion (OR = 2.52, 95% CI: 1.18, 5.41), and households with non-flush toilet facility (OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.96). Significant residual household-level variation in asthma was observed. Over 40% of variance in asthma episodes could be attributable to residual household-level variations. Conclusion Individual as well as household factors were seen to influence the prevalence of asthma in this national survey. Clinical management of these patients in health facilities should consider household factors in addition to individual level factors.

Letters. Challenging the flush toilet.

1971 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-281
Author(s):  
Daniel Okun
Keyword(s):  
Flush Toilet

scholarly journals Faecal excretion of entero-pathogens in a Pakistani family returning to the U.K. after a visit to Rawalpindi

1980 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-291
Author(s):  
R. W. S. Harvey ◽  
T. H. Price
Keyword(s):  
Faecal Sample ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Pakistani Family ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Local Doctor ◽  
The Family ◽  
Flush Toilet

SUMMARYThe family consisted of two parents and five children. While the father remained in Cardiff, the mother and all the children visited Rawalpindi, Pakistan, for 6 weeks to stay with relatives. Travel was by flight from Heathrow airport to Pakistan and by a short road journey to Rawalpindi. Mrs M. – the mother – as a guest, did no cooking on the holiday. The house which they were living in had a piped water supply, thought to be treated. There was no flush toilet but a commode was available and was emptied daily. All the children had gastro-enteritis symptoms for 2–3 days after arrival. Ru M. – a daughter – had the most severe illness and was treated by a local doctor. Diarrhoea in the three girls persisted on return to U.K. A faecal swab from Ru M. showed her to be excreting S. typhi (degraded Vi phage type). She was admitted to hospital. Faecal samples from the remaining members of the family were taken and examined for entero-pathogens. The father, Fa. M., who had not left Cardiff, had negative stools and remained free from infection. All other family members were excreting one or more enteropathogens, including a Campylobacter sp., three types of Sh. flexneri and one type of Sh. boydii. A subsequent faecal sample revealed that one of the male children, A.M., was excreting S. typhi phage type B2. The two typhoid infections were apparently unconnected.

Goodbye to the Flush Toilet Carol Hupping Stoner

1978 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 384-384
Author(s):  
Stuart W. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Flush Toilet

PLC Automatic Controlling System of Flushing Toilet

2012 ◽  
Vol 482-484 ◽  
pp. 1816-1820
Author(s):  
Cheng Yao Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Automatic Control ◽  
Input Signal ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Solenoid Valve ◽  
The Core ◽  
Controlling System ◽  
Flush Toilet ◽  
Hardware Circuit

A kind of PLC automatic control system which is used to flush toilet consists of programmable controller, proximity switch sensor and solenoid valve. By means of proximity switch sensor receiving input signal with the core PLC, PLC gives motion instruction to control solenoid valve carrying out flushing toilets automatically. In addition, this paper presents controlling procedure of ladder diagram. In the practical process of application, the system is of high sensitivity and good stability, at the meanwhile, the hardware circuit is simple and easier to be maintained. As far as the system is concerned, the system can be applied to different places with appropriate designs of procedure. Owning to the good universals and low cost there is better prospect for application.

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