Electrochemical oxidation of cinnamic acid using stainless steel electrodes

Ionics ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 283-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Ramachandramoorthy ◽  
A. Rajendran ◽  
S. Padmavathy ◽  
N. Balasubramanian
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Electrochemical Oxidation ◽  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Steel Electrodes

scholarly journals Use of Stainless-Steel Electrodes on the Electrochemical Oxidation of Naproxen and its Transformation Products in Surface Water

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 3604
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel López Zavala ◽  
Diego Anglés Vega
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Electrochemical Oxidation ◽  
Oxidation Process ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Transformation Products ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Steel Electrodes ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

In this study, stainless-steel electrodes were used to effectively oxidize naproxen and its transformation products in surface water by electrochemical oxidation in short reaction times. An evaluation of the effects of current density, chloride concentrations, and pH on the electrochemical oxidation process (mechanisms, kinetics, and reaction times) was conducted. Results showed that degradation rates of naproxen were greater, and the reaction times were shorter than those reported in other studies for other compounds and electrode materials. Oxidation naproxen and its transformation products were faster at high current densities, high chloride concentrations, and low pH conditions; however, good performance of the electrochemical oxidation process was observed at 16.3 mA/cm2 and pH 5 for both the naproxen and its transformation products, which were oxidized in only 15 min for the treated effluent and 30 min in the case of sludge. At pH 3 and 5, the number of transformation products and the reaction times required for achieving complete oxidation were greater in sludge than in the treated effluent; meanwhile, at pH 7 and 9, the number of transformation products and reaction times needed for non-detection were of the same order in both the treated effluent and the sludge.

scholarly journals Electrocoagulation Process by Using Aluminium and Stainless Steel Electrodes to Treat Total Chromium, Colour and Turbidity

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 681-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Khairul Nizam Mahmad ◽  
M.A.Z. Mohd Remy Rozainy ◽  
Ismail Abustan ◽  
Norlia Baharun
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Total Chromium ◽  
Electrocoagulation Process ◽  
Steel Electrodes

A Method for Chronically Implanting Stimulating Electrodes into the Brains of Locusts, and some Results of Stimulation

1963 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-284
Author(s):  
C. H. FRASER ROWELL
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Stimulating Electrodes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Antennal Movement ◽  
Steel Electrodes

1. Methods are described for implanting permanent stainless-steel electrodes into the brains of locusts, for stimulating the brain under near-normal conditions, and for localizing the electrode subsequently. 2. Threshold currents measured under these conditions are lower than those required in acute preparations, or if the animal is restrained. 3. The results of stimulation are described for four common aspects of behaviour. These are antennal movement, locomotion, feeding and sexual behaviour. 4. The effect of stimulation on antennal and locomotory movements largely confirms previous work on crickets. 5. Feeding and foraging behaviour, which is a very common result, is shown to be almost completely determined by peripheral stimuli at the time of brain stimulation. The role of the latter is permissive or disinhibitory rather than causal or excitatory. 6. Integrated sexual behaviour is occasionally inhibited, but never elicited, by stimulation. This contrasts with observations on crickets, and its implications are discussed.

Correlation of the startle reflex and Mauthner cell auditory responses in unrestrained goldfish

1977 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Zottoli
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Startle Reflex ◽  
Sound Stimulus ◽  
M Cells ◽  
M Cell ◽  
Mauthner Cell ◽  
Auditory Responses ◽  
Cell Electrode ◽  
Steel Electrodes

Stainless-steel electrodes were implanted near the left or right. Mauthner cells (M-cells) of goldfish to determine if these cells can initiate the startle reflex evoked by a brief sinusoidal sound stimulus. Recordings of the M-cell extracellular spike were obtained for the duration of 10 experiments. Fish with chronic implants were allowed to free-swim and exposed to at least 10 consecutive sound stimuli consisting of 2 cycles of 200 Hz. Seventy-three startle responses were analysed. In 34 cases the implanted M-cell electrode was contralateral to the contracting musculature, and in each of these cases, a M-cell spike preceded the EMG response by 1-1-2-1 ms. In the reamining 39 cases the electrode was ipsilateral to the active musculature, and the M-cell only fired in one of these trails. There were no startle responses and no M-cell firings in an additional 52 tests. Since the M-cell activates contralateral motoneurones, the results indicate it is responsible for initiation of the startle reflex.

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