scholarly journals The Effect of Preincubation of Seed Crystals of Uric Acid and Monosodium Urate with Undiluted Human Urine to Induce Precipitation of Calcium Oxalate in Vitro: Implications for Urinary Stone Formation

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 525-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phulwinder K. Grover ◽  
Rosemary L. Ryall
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Urinary Stone ◽  
Monosodium Urate ◽  
Seed Crystals

Effect of Seed Crystals of Uric Acid and Monosodium Urate on the Crystallization of Calcium Oxalate in Undiluted Human Urine in Vitro

1997 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phulwinder K. Grover ◽  
Rosemary L. Ryall
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Monosodium Urate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Seed Crystals ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Scanning Electron

1. The aim of this study was to determine whether seed crystals of uric acid or monosodium urate promote the epitaxial deposition of calcium oxalate in undiluted human urine. The effects of seed crystals of uric acid, monosodium urate or calcium oxalate on calcium oxalate crystallization induced in pooled 24-h urine samples collected from six healthy men were determined by [14C]oxalate deposition and Coulter counter particle analysis. The precipitated crystals were examined by scanning electron microscopy. 2. Seed crystals of uric acid, monosodium urate and calcium oxalate increased the precipitated particle volume in comparison with the control containing no seeds by 13.6%, 56.8% and 206.5% respectively, whereas the deposition of [14C]oxalate in these samples relative to the control was 1.4% (P < 0.05), 5.2% (P < 0.01) and 54% (P < 0.001) respectively. The crystalline particles deposited in the presence of monosodium urate seeds were smaller than those in the control samples. Scanning electron microscopy showed that large aggregates of calcium oxalate were formed in the presence of calcium oxalate seeds, which themselves were not visible. In contrast, monosodium urate and, to a lesser extent, uric acid seeds were scattered free on the membrane surfaces and attached like barnacles upon the surface of the calcium oxalate crystals. 3. It was concluded that seed crystals of monosodium urate and uric acid do not promote calcium oxalate deposition to a physiologically significant degree in urine. Howsever, binding of monosodium urate and uric acid crystals and their subsequent enclosure within actively growing calcium oxalate crystals might occur in vivo, thereby explaining the occurrence of mixed urate/oxalate stones.

scholarly journals Composition and Morphology of Nanocrystals in Urines of Lithogenic Patients and Healthy Persons

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bao-Song Gui ◽  
Rong Xie ◽  
Xiu-Qiong Yao ◽  
Mei-Ru Li ◽  
Jian-Ming Ouyang
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate ◽  
Urinary Stone ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Healthy Persons ◽  
Healthy Urine

The composition and morphology of nanocrystals in urines of healthy persons and lithogenic patients were comparatively investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was shown that the main composition of urinary nanocrystals in healthy persons were calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD), uric acid, and ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite). However, the main compositions of urinary nanocrystals in lithogenic patients were struvite,β-tricalcium phosphate, uric acid, COD, and calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM). According to the XRD data, the size of nanocrystals was calculated to be23∼72 nm in healthy urine and12∼118 nm in lithogenic urine by Scherer formula. TEM results showed that the nanocrystals in healthy urine were dispersive and uniform with a mean size of about 38 nm. In contrast, the nanocrystals in lithogenic urine were much aggregated with a mean size of about 55 nm. The results in this work indicated that the urinary stone formation may be prevented by diminishing the aggregation and the size differentiation of urinary nanocrystals by physical or chemical methods.

scholarly journals Hippuric Acid as a Significant Regulator of Supersaturation in Calcium Oxalate Lithiasis: The Physiological Evidence

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stoyanka S. Atanassova ◽  
Ivan S. Gutzow
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Hippuric Acid ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stone Formers ◽  
Artificial Urine ◽  
Kinetics Of

At present, the clinical significance of existing physicochemical and biological evidence and especially the results we have obtained from our previousin vitroexperiments have been analyzed, and we have come to the conclusion that hippuric acid (C6H5CONHCH2COOH) is a very active solvent of Calcium Oxalate (CaOX) in physiological solutions. Two types of experiments have been discussed: clinical laboratory analysis on the urine excretion of hippuric acid (HA) in patients with CaOX lithiasis and detailed measurements of the kinetics of the dissolution of CaOX calculi in artificial urine, containing various concentrations of HA. It turns out that the most probable value of the HA concentration in the control group is approximately ten times higher than the corresponding value in the group of the stone-formers. Ourin vitroanalytical measurements demonstrate even a possibility to dissolve CaOX stones in human urine, in which increased concentration of HA have been established. A conclusion can be that drowning out HA is a significant regulator of CaOX supersaturation and thus a regulation of CaOX stone formation in human urine. Discussions have arisen to use increased concentration of HA in urine both as a solubilizator of CaOX stones in the urinary tract and on the purpose of a prolonged metaphylactic treatment.

scholarly journals INHIBITION OF CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTALLIZATION BY AN EXTRACT OF OCIMUM BASILICUM SEEDS: AN IN-VITRO STUDY

2020 ◽  
pp. 166-169
Author(s):  
PATEL RAVINDRAKUMAR K ◽  
PATEL SANDIP B
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Urinary Stone ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
Sodium Oxalate ◽  
Historical Time ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystallization ◽  
Normal Human

Objective: Ocimum basilicum (OB) has been used to treat diverse illnesses which include urinary stone disorder for a reason that historical time in India. We investigated OB seeds for antiurolithic activity. Methods: Calcium oxalate crystallization becomes triggered by the addition of 0.01 M sodium oxalate answers in normal human urine and nucleation was done. Results: OB seeds were discovered to be robust and promising antiurolithiatic agents which are in accordance with its use in traditional medication. Conclusion: An extract of the traditional herb OB has super inhibitory activity on crystalluria and therefore might be useful in dissolving urinary stone; however, in addition, a study in animal fashions of urolithiasis is needed to assess its capability antiurolithiatic interest.

The Urinary F1 Activation Peptide of Human Prothrombin is a Potent Inhibitor of Calcium Oxalate Crystallization in Undiluted Human Urine in Vitro

1995 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 533-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary L. Ryall ◽  
Phulwinder K. Grover ◽  
Alan M. F. Stapleton ◽  
Dianne K. Barrell ◽  
Yulu Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Particle Volume ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystallization ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Activation Peptide ◽  
Dose Dependent Decrease

1. The urinary F1 activation peptide of prothrombin is the predominant protein incorporated into calcium oxalate crystals precipitated from human urine. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of pure urinary prothrombin F1 on calcium oxalate crystallization in human urine. 2. Urinary prothrombin F1 was purified from demineralized calcium oxalate crystals precipitated from human urine, and its effects on calcium oxalate crystallization induced by addition of an oxalate load were tested in undiluted, ultrafiltered urine from healthy men, at final concentrations of 0 to 10 mg/l. 3. Urinary prothrombin F1 did not affect the amount of oxalate required to induce crystallization, but the volume of material deposited increased in proportion to increasing concentrations of urinary prothrombin F1. However, the mean particle size decreased in reverse order: this was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, which showed it to be the result of a reduction in crystal aggregation rather than in the size of individual crystals. Analysis of 14C-oxalate data revealed a dose-dependent decrease in calcium oxalate deposition with an increase in urinary prothrombin F1 concentration, indicating that the increase in particle volume recorded by the Coulter Counter resulted from inclusion of urinary prothrombin F1 into the crystalline architecture, rather than increased deposition of calcium oxalate. 4. It was concluded that urinary prothrombin F1 may be an important macromolecular determinant of stone formation.

scholarly journals Correlation between Ion Composition of Oligomineral Water and Calcium Oxalate Crystal Formation

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1507
Author(s):  
Manuela Rossi ◽  
Biagio Barone ◽  
Dante Di Domenico ◽  
Rodolfo Esposito ◽  
Antonio Fabozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Aqueous Medium ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Urinary Stone ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Ion Composition ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystal ◽  
Ion Content

The ion content of drinking water might be associated with urinary stone formation, representing a keystone of conservative nephrolithiasis management. However, the effects of specific ions on calcium oxalate crystal formation and their mechanism of action are still highly controversial. We report an investigation of the effects of oligomineral waters with similar total salt amount but different ion composition on calcium oxalate (CaOx) precipitation in vitro, combining gravimetric and microscopic assays. The results suggest that the “collective” physicochemical properties of the aqueous medium, deriving from the ion combination rather than from a single ionic species, are of importance. Particularly, the ability of ions to strengthen/weaken the aqueous medium structure determines an increase/decrease in the interfacial energy, modulating the formation and growth of CaOx crystals.

Nephrolithiasis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Luiz Nishiura ◽  
Ita Pfeferman Heilberg
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Dietary Advice ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Genetic Traits ◽  
Oxalate Precipitation

Nephrolithiasis is a highly prevalent condition, but its incidence varies depending on race, gender, and geographic location. Approximately half of patients form at least one recurrent stone within 10 years of the first episode. Renal stones are usually composed of calcium salts (calcium oxalate monohydrate or dihydrate, calcium phosphate), uric acid, or, less frequently, cystine and struvite (magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate). Calcium oxalate stones, the most commonly encountered ones, may result from urinary calcium oxalate precipitation on the Randall plaque, which is a hydroxyapatite deposit in the interstitium of the kidney medulla. Uric acid nephrolithiasis, which is common among patients with metabolic syndrome or diabetes mellitus, is caused by an excessively acidic urinary pH as a renal manifestation of insulin resistance. The medical evaluation of the kidney stone patient must be focused on identifying anatomic abnormalities of the urinary tract, associated systemic diseases, use of lithogenic drugs or supplements, and, mostly, urinary risk factors such as low urine volume, hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria, hypocitraturia, hyperoxaluria, and abnormalities in urine pH that can be affected by dietary habits, environmental factors, and genetic traits. Metabolic evaluation requires a urinalysis, stone analysis (if available), serum chemistry, and urinary parameters, preferably obtained by two nonconsecutive 24-hour urine collections under a random diet. Targeted medication and dietary advice are effective to reduce the risk of recurrence. Clinical, radiologic, and laboratory follow-ups are needed to prevent stone growth and new stone formation, to assess treatment adherence or effectiveness to dietary recommendations, and to allow adjustment of pharmacologic treatment. This review contains 5 highly rendered figure, 3 tables, and 105 references.

scholarly journals In Vivo Entombment of Bacteria and Fungi during Calcium Oxalate, Brushite and Struvite Urolithiasis

Kidney360 ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 10.34067/KID.0006942020
Author(s):  
Jessica J. Saw ◽  
Mayandi Sivaguru ◽  
Elena M. Wilson ◽  
Yiran Dong ◽  
Robert A. Sanford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Human Kidney ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Stone Formers ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Struvite Stones

Background: Human kidney stones form via repeated events of mineral precipitation, partial dissolution and reprecipitation, which are directly analogous to similar processes in other natural and man-made environments where resident microbiomes strongly influence biomineralization. High-resolution microscopy and high-fidelity metagenomic (microscopy-to-omics) analyses, applicable to all forms of biomineralization, have been applied to assemble definitive evidence of in vivo microbiome entombment during urolithiasis. Methods: Stone fragments were collected from a randomly chosen cohort of 20 patients using standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated that 18 of these patients were calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone formers, while one patient each formed brushite and struvite stones. This apportionment is consistent with global stone mineralogy distributions. Stone fragments from 7 of these 20 patients (5 CaOx, 1 brushite and 1 struvite) were thin sectioned and analyzed using brightfield (BF), polarization (POL), confocal, superresolution autofluorescence (SRAF) and Raman techniques. DNA from remaining fragments, grouped according to each of the 20 patients, were analyzed with amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA gene sequences (V1-V3, V3-V5) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS1, ITS2) regions. Results: Bulk entombed DNA was sequenced from stone fragments in 11 of the 18 CaOx patients, as well as the brushite and struvite patients. These analyses confirmed the presence of an entombed low-diversity community of bacteria and fungi, including Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Aspergillus niger. Bacterial cells ~1  µm in diameter were also optically observed to be entombed and well-preserved in amorphous hydroxyapatite spherules and fans of needle-like crystals of brushite and struvite. Conclusions: These results indicate a microbiome is entombed during in vivo CaOx stone formation. Similar processes are implied for brushite and struvite stones. This evidence lays the groundwork for future in vitro and in vivo experimentation to determine how the microbiome may actively and/or passively influence kidney stone biomineralization.

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