scholarly journals Seedling growth and fall armyworm feeding preference influenced by dhurrin production in sorghum

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelby M. Gruss ◽  
Manoj Ghaste ◽  
Joshua R. Widhalm ◽  
Mitchell R. Tuinstra
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Genetic Mutation ◽  
Green Plant ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Insect Feeding ◽  
The Impact

AbstractCyanogenic glucosides (CGs) play a key role in host-plant defense to insect feeding; however, the metabolic tradeoffs between synthesis of CGs and plant growth are not well understood. In this study, genetic mutants coupled with nondestructive phenotyping techniques were used to study the impact of the CG dhurrin on fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)] (FAW) feeding and plant growth in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. A genetic mutation in CYP79A1 gene that disrupts dhurrin biosynthesis was used to develop sets of near-isogenic lines (NILs) with contrasting dhurrin contents in the Tx623 bmr6 genetic background. The NILs were evaluated for differences in plant growth and FAW feeding damage in replicated greenhouse and field trials. Greenhouse studies showed that dhurrin-free Tx623 bmr6 cyp79a1 plants grew more quickly than wild-type plants but were more susceptible to insect feeding based on changes in green plant area (GPA), total leaf area, and total dry weight over time. The NILs exhibited similar patterns of growth in field trials with significant differences in leaf area and dry weight of dhurrin-free plants between the infested and non-infested treatments. Taken together, these studies reveal a significant metabolic tradeoff between CG biosynthesis and plant growth in sorghum seedlings. Disruption of dhurrin biosynthesis produces plants with higher growth rates than wild-type plants but these plants have greater susceptibility to FAW feeding.

Response of winter barley cultivars to nitrogen and a plant growth regulator in relation to lodging

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. White
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Damage Susceptibility

SUMMARYApplications of nitrogen and a plant growth regulator (mepiquat chloride and ethephon) were used to manipulate stem structure and induce differing degrees of damage due to leaning and lodging in six cultivars of winter barley grown in Belfast, UK, in 1986/87. Weighted incidences of leaning and lodging were combined to give an index indicating damage susceptibility of the cultivars. The index was very high (70) in Pipkin and ranged between 1 and 18 in the other cultivars. Differences between cultivars in number of internodes, plant height and stem weight did not explain their differences in resistance to damage. However, dry weight per unit length ranged from 2·35 and 2·34 mg/mm in the strongest cultivars, Panda and Jennifer, respectively, to 1·75 mg/mm in the weakest cultivar, Pipkin.Nitrogen application increased plant height but did not affect dry weight/main stem, so that dry weight/unit length of stem decreased. The growth regulator treatments reduced plant height and although dry weight/stem did not decrease significantly, dry weight/unit length of stem was similar in treated and untreated plots.Dry weight/unit length has potential as an objective indicator of straw strength in winter barley cultivars and could be used in cultivar evaluation in the absence of damage in field trials.

scholarly journals Game browse and its impact on selected grain crops

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 181-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Cerkal ◽  
K. Vejražka ◽  
J. Kamler ◽  
J. Dvořák
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
Mechanical Removal ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Leaf Area Reduction

This work presents the results of a survey that studied simulated plant browsing by herbivores. In 2004–2006, winter wheat, spring barley, and maize field trials were founded in order to monitor the impact of different levels of defoliation (leaf area reduction) on the yield and grain quality. The defoliation was carried out by means of mechanical removal of plant parts in the early growth stages. Selected qualitative parameters were determined in the harvested grain of wheat and barley. Statistically significant influence of leaf area reduction (LAR) on grain yield (decrease by 4–14%) was found only in maize in 2004. No statistically significant influence of the leaf area reduction on thousand grain weight (TGW) was found in any of the studied crops. The leaf area reduction in barley did not affect grain characteristics; however, it had a statistically significant influence on the quality of wheat grain. Moreover, wheat reduction statistically significantly increased the falling number (by 29–39 s) and decreased SDS test values (by 8–9 ml).

scholarly journals Influence of NaCl Salinity and Different Substracts on Plant Growth, Mineral Nutrient Assimilation and Fruit Yield of Strawberry

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asghar RAHIMI ◽  
Ali BIGLARIFARD
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Assimilation ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
Total Dry Weight

A hydroponic culture was carried out with strawberry cv. Camarosa to investigate the effects of four salinity levels and four different substrates on plant growth, mineral nutrient assimilation and fruit yield of strawberry. Total dry weight accumulation of plants was not inhibited at low salinities, but it was significantly inhibited at 60 mM NaCl. Dry mass (DM) partitioning in NaCl-stressed plants was in favor of crown and petioles and at the expense of root, stem and leaf, whereas leaf, stem and root DM progressively declined with an increase in salinity. Specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf area ratio (LAR) significantly decreased in cv. Camarosa at 60 and 90 mM. Results also showed that the presence of NaCl in the root medium induced an increase in total Na+ content of the plants in the shoot and root. Despite Na+ and K+, the increase in total inorganic ions resulted from increasing salinity, with Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations decreasing in shoot and increasing in roots with an increase in salinity. For all micro- and macroelements however, significant concentration changes related to different substrates were not detected in the present experiments. Results also showed a significant decline of Fe content of 40% and 49% in shoot and root, respectively.

scholarly journals The Impact of Multi-Sensor Data Assimilation on Plant Parameter Retrieval and Yield Estimation for Sugar Beet

2015 ◽  
Vol XL-7/W3 ◽  
pp. 19-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hodrius ◽  
S. Migdall ◽  
H. Bach ◽  
T. Hank
Keyword(s):  
Data Assimilation ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Yield Estimation ◽  
The Impact

Yield Maps are a basic information source for site-specific farming. For sugar beet they are not available as in-situ measurements. This gap of information can be filled with Earth Observation (EO) data in combination with a plant growth model (PROMET) to improve farming and harvest management. The estimation of yield based on optical satellite imagery and crop growth modelling is more challenging for sugar beet than for other crop types since the plants’ roots are harvested. These are not directly visible from EO. In this study, the impact of multi-sensor data assimilation on the yield estimation for sugar beet is evaluated. Yield and plant growth are modelled with PROMET. This multi-physics, raster-based model calculates photosynthesis and crop growth based on the physiological processes in the plant, including the distribution of biomass into the different plant organs (roots, stem, leaves and fruit) at different phenological stages. <br><br> The crop variable used in the assimilation is the green (photosynthetically active) leaf area, which is derived as spatially heterogeneous input from optical satellite imagery with the radiative transfer model SLC (Soil-Leaf-Canopy). Leaf area index was retrieved from RapidEye, Landsat 8 OLI and Landsat 7 ETM+ data. It could be shown that the used methods are very suitable to derive plant parameters time-series with different sensors. The LAI retrievals from different sensors are quantitatively compared to each other. Results for sugar beet yield estimation are shown for a test-site in Southern Germany. The validation of the yield estimation for the years 2012 to 2014 shows that the approach reproduced the measured yield on field level with high accuracy. Finally, it is demonstrated through comparison of different spatial resolutions that small-scale in-field variety is modelled with adequate results at 20 m raster size, but the results could be improved by recalculating the assimilation at a finer spatial resolution of 5 m.

scholarly journals Effects of Pinching, Number of Cuttings per Pot, and Plant Growth Regulators on Height Control of Purple Firespike

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Rezazadeh ◽  
Richard L. Harkess
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Height Control ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Purple firespike (Odontonema callistachyum), native to Central America, has potential for use as a new flowering potted plant. The effects of number of pinches (zero, one, or two) and number of cuttings (one, two, or three) per 6-inch pot were evaluated on the control of plant height. Plant height was suppressed as the pinch number increased. The greatest reduction was recorded with one cutting per pot and two pinches. The maximum number of branches per pot was recorded with two pinches and three cuttings per pot. In a second experiment, plant growth regulators (PGR) were also tested for efficacy of height control; 2 weeks after pinching, foliar sprays of paclobutrazol, flurprimidol, daminozide, chlormequat, and a tank-mix of daminozide + chlormequat or media drenches of paclobutrazol, uniconazole, or flurprimidol were applied. Plant height, leaf area, and leaf dry weight were recorded at 3, 6, and 9 weeks after PGR application. Maximum height control was obtained with uniconazole drench at 8 ppm, resulting in plants 22 cm tall, 61% shorter than the untreated control (56 cm); however, it resulted in severe leaf distortion. Plant height was 56% and 46% shorter than the control using drenches of paclobutrazol at 30 ppm and flurprimidol at 15 ppm, respectively. Daminozide spray at 2000 ppm and tank-mix of daminozide + chlormequat at 4500/1500 ppm suppressed stem elongation by 20.3% and 19%, respectively. Plants treated with paclobutrazol drench at 30 ppm reduced leaf area and leaf dry weight compared with other PGRs. Chlormequat spray at tested concentrations was ineffective for controlling firespike plant growth. The most attractive potted plants were produced using a drench application of paclobutrazol at 10 or 15 ppm.

scholarly journals Impact of Biocontainers on Plant Performance and Container Decomposition in the Landscape

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youping Sun ◽  
Genhua Niu ◽  
Andrew K. Koeser ◽  
Guihong Bi ◽  
Victoria Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Wood Fiber ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Rice Hull ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Guinea Impatiens ◽  
Container Type

As the green industry is moving toward sustainability to meet the demands of society, the use of biocontainers as alternatives to petroleum-based plastic containers has drawn significant attention. Field trials of seven plantable biocontainers (coir, manure, peat, rice hull, soil wrap, straw, and wood fiber) were conducted in 2011 and 2012 at five locations in the United States to assess the influence of direct-plant biocontainers on plant growth and establishment and the rate of container decomposition in landscape. In 2011, container type did not affect the growth of any of the three species used in this study with an exception in one location. The three species were ‘Sunpatiens Compact Magenta’ new guinea impatiens (Impatiens ×hybrida), ‘Luscious Citrus’ lantana (Lantana camara), and ‘Senorita Rosalita’ cleome (Cleome ×hybrida). In 2012, the effect of container type on plant growth varied with location and species. Cleome, new guinea impatiens, and lantana plants grown in coir and straw containers were in general smaller than those in peat, plastic, rice hull, and wood fiber containers. After 3 to 4 months in the field, manure containers had on average the highest rate of decomposition at 88% for all five locations and two growing seasons. The levels of decomposition of other containers, straw, wood fiber, soil wrap, peat, coir, and rice hull were 47%, 46%, 42%, 38%, 25%, and 18%, respectively, in descending order. Plantable containers did not hinder plant establishment and posttransplant plant growth. The impact of container type on plant growth was smaller compared with that of location (climate). Similarly, the impact of plant species on pot decomposition was smaller compared with that of pot material.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF MYCORRHIZAE, MEDIA AND CONTAINER TYPE ON THE GROWTH OF GREEN PEPPER AND LETTUCE TRANSPLANTS

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 709B-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray A. Watson ◽  
Katrine A. Stewart ◽  
Valentin Furlan
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Green Pepper ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Container Type

The effects of two mycorrhizal species (Glomus versiforme and Glomus intraradix) and a control on the growth of green pepper, Capsicum annuum, and lettuce, Lactuca sativa, seedlings have been evaluated using four types of growing media (Peatwool, Fafard bulk mix. Cornell mix and a compost based mix) and two types of containers, Cell Packs (125 cc volume) and Pro-Trays (65 cc volume) for green pepper and Cell Packs (125 cc volume) and Plug Flats (33 cc volume) for lettuce. The experiments were split plot randomized Complete block design with 6 blocks (lettuce) and 4 blocks (pepper). Seeds were sown directly into the containers of mycorrhizal inoculated media. All treatments received the same fertilizer regime. Cell volume had no significant effects on green pepper fresh weight, dry weight, stem diameter, leaf area or leaf number but the lettuce Cell Pack plants had significantly higher fresh and dry weights, more leaves and higher leaf area. The Fafard Bulk and the Compost mix gave significantly higher fresh and dry weights than did the other two media for both green pepper and lettuce. Mycorrhizal species did not influence plant growth with the exception of leaf area in green peppers and shoot dry weight in lettuce.

scholarly journals Comparison of an Antitranspirant Spray, a Polyacrylamide Gel, and Wind Protection on Early Growth of Muskmelon

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie Hodges ◽  
Entin Daningsih ◽  
James R. Brandle
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Area Index

Field experiments were conducted over 4 years to evaluate the effects of antitranspirant (Folicote, Aquatrol Inc., Paulsboro, N.J.) and polyacrylamide gel (SuperSorb, Aquatrol Inc., Paulsboro, N.J.) on early growth of transplanted muskmelon grown either protected by tree windbreaks or exposed to seasonal winds. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split plot arrangement was used with wind protection (sheltered and exposed) areas as the main treatment and use of an antitranspirant spray or gel dip as subtreatments. Based on destructive harvests in the field, treatments and subtreatments did not affect dry weight or leaf area index in the first 2 years. Specific contrasts, however, showed that gel application significantly increased fresh weight, dry weight, and leaf area index over that of the untreated transplants whereas the spray application tended to reduce these factors during the first 3 weeks after transplanting. Significant differences between gel and spray subtreatments disappeared by 5 weeks after transplanting. Shelterbelts ameliorated crop microclimate thereby enhancing plant growth. Significantly, wind velocity at canopy height was reduced 40% on average and soil temperatures were about 4% warmer in the sheltered plots compared to the exposed plots during the first 5 weeks post-transplant. Muskmelon plants in the sheltered areas grew significantly faster than the plants in the exposed areas in 2 of the 3 years reported, with the 3-year average fresh weight increased by 168% due to wind protection. Overall transplanting success and early growth were enhanced the most by wind protection, followed by the polyacrylamide gel root dip, and least by the antitranspirant foliar spray. We conclude that microclimate modification by wind speed reduction can increase early muskmelon plant growth more consistently than the use of polyacrylamide gel as a root dip at transplanting or the use of an antitranspirant spray. A polyacrylamide gel root dip generally will provide more benefit during early muskmelon growth than the use of an antitranspirant spray.

scholarly journals The growth of three varieties of black pepper (Piper nigrum) under different light intensities related to indigenous hormones role

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Issukindarsyah Issukindarsyah ◽  
Endang Sulistyaningsih ◽  
Didik Indradewa ◽  
Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Root Surface Area

Abstract. Issukindarsyah, Sulistyaningsih E, Indradewa D, Putra ETS. 2020. The growth of three varieties of black pepper (Piper nigrum) under different light intensities related to indigenous hormones role. Biodiversitas 21: 1778-1785. Low light intensity causes the alteration of plant biochemical and morphological as the mechanism of adaptation. The experiment used split-plot design with three replications. The main plots were three light intensity levels, i.e. 100%, 75%, and 50% radiation; while subplots were three varieties namely Nyelungkup, Petaling 1 and Petaling 2. This research was conducted to figure out the effect of shadings on hormones and the growth of three varieties of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). The results showed that in initial vegetative growth, varieties of Nyelungkup and Petaling 1 had higher growth of both ortotroph and plagiotroph branches, leaf number, leaf area, length of root, root surface area, plant dry weight, nett assimilation rate, and plant growth rate than the variety of Petaling 2. The light intensity of 50% and 75% increased the auxin and gibberellin contents of the leaf but they did not affect the zeatin. The maximum gibberellin and auxin contents of leaf were recorded at 75% light intensity. The 50% and 75% light intensity raised the length, diameter, and internode of ortotroph branch; number, length, and internode of plagiotroph branch; leaf number; leaf area; leaf area ratio; length of root; root surface area; plant growth rate and plant dry weight related to indigenous hormones role.

scholarly journals Greenhouse Cucumber Growth and Yield Response to Copper Application

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 771-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youbin Zheng ◽  
Linping Wang ◽  
Diane Feliciano Cayanan ◽  
Mike Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Leaf Injury ◽  
Copper Treatment ◽  
Cucumber Fruit ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

To determine the nutrient solution copper (Cu2+) level above which Cucumis sativus L. (cucumber, cv. LOGICA F1) plant growth and fruit yield will be negatively affected, plants were grown on rockwool and irrigated with nutrient solutions containing Cu2+ at 0.05, 0.55, 1.05, 1.55, and 2.05 mg·L−1. Copper treatment began when plants were 4 weeks old and lasted for 10 weeks. During this 10-week period, plants were harvested at 3 weeks (short-term) and 10 weeks (long-term) after the start of Cu2+ treatment. Neither visible leaf injury nor negative Cu2+ effect was observed on plant growth (leaf number, leaf area, leaf dry weight, and stem dry weight) after 3 weeks of continuous Cu2+ treatment. However, after 10 weeks of continuous Cu2+ application, cucumber leaf dry weight was significantly reduced by Cu2+ levels 1.05 mg·L−1 or greater; leaf number, leaf area, and stem dry weight were significantly reduced by Cu2+ levels 1.55 mg·L−1 or greater. Copper (Cu2+ levels 1.05 mg·L−1 or greater) also caused root browning. Some plants under the 2.05 mg·L−1 Cu2+ treatment started to wilt after 6 weeks of continuous Cu2+ treatment. Copper treatment did not result in any change in leaf greenness until after Week 9 from the start of the treatments. There was no sign of a negative Cu2+ effect on cucumber fruit numbers after the first 2 weeks of production, but plants under the highest Cu2+ concentration treatment (2.05 mg·L−1) gradually produced fewer cucumber fruit than the control (0.05 mg·L−1) and eventually resulted in lower cucumber yield. Nutrient solution can be treated with 1.05 mg·L−1 of Cu2+ in cucumber production greenhouses; however, it is not recommended to use Cu2+ concentrations 1.05 mg·L−1 or greater continuously long-term (more than 3 weeks). When applying Cu2+, it is suggested that cucumber roots be examined regularly because roots are a better indicator for Cu2+ toxicity than leaf injury.

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