Why two “Distractors” are better than one: modeling the effect of non-target auditory and tactile stimuli on visual saccadic reaction time

Due to complex composition of leachate, the comprehensive leachate treatment methods have been not demonstrated. Moreover, the improper management of leachate can lead to many environmental problems. The aim of this study was application of Fenton process for decreasing the major pollutants of landfill leachate on Kermanshah city. The leachate was collected from Kermanshah landfill site and treated by Fenton process. The effect of various parameters including solution pH, Fe2+and H2O2dosage, Fe2+/H2O2molar ratio, and reaction time was investigated. The result showed that with increasing Fe2+and H2O2dosage, Fe2+/H2O2molar ratio, and reaction time, the COD, TOC, TSS, and color removal increased. The maximum COD, TOC, TSS, and color removal were obtained at low pH (pH: 3). The kinetic data were analyzed in term of zero-order, first-order, and second-order expressions. First-order kinetic model described the removal of COD, TOC, TSS, and color from leachate better than two other kinetic models. In spite of extremely difficulty of leachate treatment, the previous results seem rather encouraging on the application of Fenton’s oxidation.

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Saccadic reaction time and ocular findings in phenylketonuria

Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases ◽

10.1186/s13023-020-01407-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Susanne Hopf ◽

Caroline Nowak ◽

Julia B. Hennermann ◽

Irene Schmidtmann ◽

Norbert Pfeiffer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Saccadic Reaction Time ◽

Ocular Findings

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Comparison of Conventional and Microwave Synthesis of Phenyl-1H-pyrazoles and Phenyl-1H-pyrazoles-4-carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Current Organic Synthesis ◽

10.2174/1570179418666210618162518 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 ◽

Author(s):

Antônio S. Machado ◽

Flávio S. de Carvalho ◽

Rayssa B.P. Mouraa ◽

Lorrayne S. Chaves ◽

Luciano M. Lião ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Carboxylic Acid ◽

Pyrazole Ring ◽

Conventional Heating ◽

Pharmacological Activities ◽

1H And 13C Nmr ◽

Microwave Assisted ◽

Attractive Option ◽

Work Up ◽

Better Than

Background: Molecules containing the pyrazole subunit considered that privileged scaffolds are of high importance due to their broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. For this reason, a method that is more efficient needs to be developed for the preparation of pyrazole derivatives. Objective: The purpose of this study was the optimisation of the conventional synthesis of the pyrazole ring and the oxidation of phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde to phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid through Microwave-Assisted Organic Synthesis (MAOS). Method: We performed a comparison between conventional synthesis and conventional synthesis with microwave heating using the synthesis of pyrazole ring described by Finar and Godfrey and, for the oxidation of phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde, the method described by Shriner and Kleiderer was used. Results: MAOS reduces the reaction time to obtain all compounds compared to conventional heating. At a temperature of 60°C, 5 minutes of reaction time, and power of 50W, the yield of phenyl-1H-pyrazoles (3a-m) compounds was in the range of 91 - 98% using MAOS, which is better than conventional heating (73 - 90%, 75ºC, 2 hours). An improvement in the yield for the oxidation reaction was also achieved with MAOS. The compounds (5a-m) were obtained with yields ranging from 62 - 92% (80ºC, 2 minutes, 150W), while the yields with conventional heating were in the range of 48 - 85% (80ºC, 1 hour). The 26 compounds were achieved through an easy work-up procedure with no chromatographic separation. The pure products were characterised by the spectral data obtained from IR, MS, 1H and 13C NMR or HSQC/HMBC techniques. Conclusion: The advantages of MAOS include short reaction time and increased yield, due to which it is an attractive option for the synthesis of pyrazole compounds.

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Factors Influencing Saccadic Reaction Time: Effect of Task Modality, Stimulus Saliency, Spatial Congruency of Stimuli, and Pupil Size

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fnhum.2020.571893 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

Author(s):

Shimpei Yamagishi ◽

Shigeto Furukawa

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Locus Coeruleus ◽

Pupil Size ◽

Visual Target ◽

Cognitive Task ◽

Saccadic Reaction Time ◽

Auditory Target ◽

Target Condition ◽

Related Factors ◽

Stimulus Saliency

It is often assumed that the reaction time of a saccade toward visual and/or auditory stimuli reflects the sensitivities of our oculomotor-orienting system to stimulus saliency. Endogenous factors, as well as stimulus-related factors, would also affect the saccadic reaction time (SRT). However, it was not clear how these factors interact and to what extent visual and auditory-targeting saccades are accounted for by common mechanisms. The present study examined the effect of, and the interaction between, stimulus saliency and audiovisual spatial congruency on the SRT for visual- and for auditory-target conditions. We also analyzed pre-target pupil size to examine the relationship between saccade preparation and pupil size. Pupil size is considered to reflect arousal states coupling with locus-coeruleus (LC) activity during a cognitive task. The main findings were that (1) the pattern of the examined effects on the SRT varied between visual- and auditory-auditory target conditions, (2) the effect of stimulus saliency was significant for the visual-target condition, but not significant for the auditory-target condition, (3) Pupil velocity, not absolute pupil size, was sensitive to task set (i.e., visual-targeting saccade vs. auditory-targeting saccade), and (4) there was a significant correlation between the pre-saccade absolute pupil size and the SRTs for the visual-target condition but not for the auditory-target condition. The discrepancy between target modalities for the effect of pupil velocity and between the absolute pupil size and pupil velocity for the correlation with SRT may imply that the pupil effect for the visual-target condition was caused by a modality-specific link between pupil size modulation and the SC rather than by the LC-NE (locus coeruleus-norepinephrine) system. These results support the idea that different threshold mechanisms in the SC may be involved in the initiation of saccades toward visual and auditory targets.

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Attentional disengagement is modulated by the offset of unpleasant pictures: a saccadic reaction time study

International Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.10.011 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 90 (3) ◽

pp. 347-353

Author(s):

Walter Machado-Pinheiro ◽

Aydamari Faria ◽

Filipe Braga ◽

Pedro Guerra ◽

Pandelis Perakakis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Saccadic Reaction Time ◽

Time Study ◽

Attentional Disengagement ◽

Reaction Time Study

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Representation of tactile signals in primate supplementary motor area

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1993.70.6.2690 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 70 (6) ◽

pp. 2690-2694 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

R. Romo ◽

S. Ruiz ◽

P. Crespo ◽

A. Zainos ◽

H. Merchant

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Decision Process ◽

Sensory Input ◽

Supplementary Motor Area ◽

Motor Area ◽

Control Task ◽

Categorization Task ◽

Tactile Stimuli ◽

Time Period ◽

All Speeds

1. We have studied the neuronal activity in the supplementary motor area (SMA) of two monkeys who categorized the speed of moving tactile stimuli delivered to the glabrous skin of the hand ipsilateral to the site of cortical recording and contralateral to the responding arm. 2. A large number of SMA neurons responded to the stimuli of all speeds (176 of 522) but only when those stimuli controlled behavior. 3. A second class of SMA neurons responded differentially in the categorization task (35 during the stimuli and 51 during the reaction time period) and predicted its outcome. 4. To dissociate the interrupt target switches presses from the tactile categorization responses, sixteen neurons, which responded to the stimuli in all speeds, and 11 neurons, which discharged differentially, were tested in a visual control task. None of these two classes of neurons responded in this situation. 5. It is concluded that the SMA ipsilateral to sensory input and contralateral to the responding arm is involved in the sensory decision process in this somesthetic categorization task.

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No effect of attachment avoidance on visual disengagement from a romantic partner’s face

Journal of Social and Personal Relationships ◽

10.1177/0265407520919991 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 37 (7) ◽

pp. 2166-2183

Author(s):

Shayne Sanscartier ◽

Jessica A. Maxwell ◽

Penelope Lockwood

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Visual Attention ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Romantic Partner ◽

Saccadic Reaction Time ◽

Attachment Avoidance ◽

Emotional Faces ◽

Attachment Orientations ◽

Romantic Attachments ◽

Visual Disengagement

Attachment avoidance (discomfort with closeness and intimacy) has been inconsistently linked to visual disengagement from emotional faces, with some studies finding disengagement toward specific emotional faces and others finding no effects. Although most studies use stranger faces as stimuli, it is likely that attachment effects would be most pronounced in the context of attachment relationships. The present study ( N = 92) combined ecologically valid stimuli (i.e., pictures of romantic partner’s face) with eye-tracking methods to more precisely test whether highly avoidant individuals are faster at disengaging from emotional faces. Unexpectedly, attachment avoidance had no effect on saccadic reaction time, regardless of face type or emotion. Instead, all participants took longer to disengage from romantic partner faces than from strangers’ faces, although this effect should be replicated in the future. Our results suggest that romantic attachments capture visual attention on an oculomotor level, regardless of one’s personal attachment orientations.

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