scholarly journals Evolution of HLA-F and its orthologues in primate species: a complex tale of conservation, diversification and inactivation

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 475-487
Author(s):  
N. Otting ◽  
N. G. de Groot ◽  
R. E. Bontrop
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
New World Monkey ◽  
Comparative Genetic Analysis ◽  
The Common ◽  
Low Levels

AbstractHLA-F represents one of the nonclassical MHC class I molecules in humans. Its main characteristics involve low levels of polymorphism in combination with a restricted tissue distribution. This signals that the gene product executes a specialised function, which, however, is still poorly understood. Relatively little is known about the evolutionary equivalents of this gene in nonhuman primates, especially with regard to population data. Here we report a comparative genetic analysis of the orthologous genes of HLA-F in various great ape, Old World monkey (OWM), and New World monkey (NWM) species. HLA-F-related transcripts were found in all subjects studied. Low levels of polymorphism were encountered, although the length of the predicted gene products may vary. In most species, one or two transcripts were discovered, indicating the presence of only one active F-like gene per chromosome. An exception was provided by a New World monkey species, namely, the common marmoset. In this species, the gene has been subject to duplication, giving rise to up to six F-like transcripts per animal. In humans, great apes, and OWM, and probably the majority of the NWM species, the evolutionary equivalents of the HLA-F gene experienced purifying selection. In the marmoset, however, the gene was initially duplicated, but the expansion was subjected afterwards to various mechanisms of genetic inactivation, as evidenced by the presence of pseudogenes and an array of genetic artefacts in a section of the transcripts.

Sense of Taste in a New World Monkey, the Common Marmoset. II. Link Between Behavior and Nerve Activity

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 1067-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicktoria Danilova ◽  
Göran Hellekant
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Electrophysiological Study ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Gustatory System ◽  
New World Monkey ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

In a previous study, we characterized the gustatory system of a New World monkey the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus jacchus, with electrophysiological techniques by recording from taste fibers of the chorda tympani proper (CT) and glossopharyngeal (NG) nerves. Hierarchical cluster analysis identified three clusters of taste fibers: S fibers, responding predominantly to sweeteners, Q fibers, responding predominantly to bitter stimuli, and H fibers, responding predominantly to acids. In this study, we employed two behavioral techniques, the two-bottle preference (TBP) and conditioned taste aversion (CTA), to study the taste of the compounds used in the previous electrophysiological study. The results showed that compounds that did not stimulate any taste fibers were neither preferred nor rejected. Compounds that activated only S fibers were always preferred over water. When aversion to sucrose was created by the CTA method, these compounds were rejected. Compounds that activated Q fibers were rejected and consumed less than water. We studied the relationship between intake and net response from S and Q fibers in the CT and NG nerves. Intake was measured as a preference ratio in TBP test. The net response was defined as: (SCT + SNG) − (QCT + QNG), where SCT + SNG denotes the sum of the responses in S fibers of the CT and NG nerves. Similarly, QCT + QNG represents the sum of the responses in Q fibers of the CT and NG nerves. The relationship between intake and the Net response was linear with a Pearson correlation coefficient 0.85. This study supports our hypothesis that intake is influenced by S and Q fibers, where S fibers serve as a hedonically positive input and Q fibers as a hedonically negative input.

scholarly journals Animal models of human pregnancy and placentation: alternatives to the mouse

Reproduction ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 160 (6) ◽  
pp. R129-R143
Author(s):  
Anthony M Carter
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
New World ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Spiny Mouse ◽  
New World Monkey ◽  
Alternative Models ◽  
Human Pregnancy ◽  
Uterine Arteries ◽  
The Common

The mouse is often criticized as a model for pregnancy research as gestation is short, with much of organ development completed postnatally. There are also differences in the structure and physiology of the placenta between mouse and human. This review considers eight alternative models that recently have been proposed and two established ones that seem underutilized. A promising newcomer among rodents is the spiny mouse, which has a longer gestation than the mouse with organogenesis complete at birth. The guinea pig is also recommended both because it has well-developed neonates and because there is a wealth of information on pregnancy and placentation in the literature. Several smaller primates are considered. The mouse lemur has its advocates yet is less suited as a model for human pregnancy as its young are altricial, placentation very different from that of humans, and husbandry requirements not fully assessed. In contrast, the common marmoset, a New World monkey, has well-developed neonates and is kept at many primate centres. Marmoset placenta has some features that closely resemble human placentation, such as the interhaemal barrier, although it is uncertain if invasion of the uterine arteries occurs in this species. In conclusion, pregnancy research would benefit greatly from increased use of alternative models such as the spiny mouse and common marmoset.

Sphere-formation culture of testicular germ cells in the common marmoset, a small New World monkey

Primates ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Yu-Ching Lin ◽  
Orie Hikabe ◽  
Sadafumi Suzuki ◽  
Takamasa Hirano ◽  
Haruhiko Siomi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
New World ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
New World Monkey ◽  
The Common ◽  
Sphere Formation

scholarly journals CENP-B box, a nucleotide motif involved in centromere formation, occurs in a New World monkey

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 20150817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aorarat Suntronpong ◽  
Kazuto Kugou ◽  
Hiroshi Masumoto ◽  
Kornsorn Srikulnath ◽  
Kazuhiko Ohshima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repetitive Dna ◽  
New World ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Alpha Satellite ◽  
Satellite Repeat ◽  
New World Monkey ◽  
Alpha Satellite Dna ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Contig Sequence

Centromere protein B (CENP-B) is one of the major proteins involved in centromere formation, binding to centromeric repetitive DNA by recognizing a 17 bp motif called the CENP-B box. Hominids (humans and great apes) carry large numbers of CENP-B boxes in alpha satellite DNA (AS, the major centromeric repetitive DNA of simian primates). Only negative results have been reported regarding the presence of the CENP-B box in other primate taxa. Consequently, it is widely believed that the CENP-B box is confined, within primates, to the hominids. We report here that the common marmoset, a New World monkey, contains an abundance of CENP-B boxes in its AS. First, in a long contig sequence we constructed and analysed, we identified the motif in 17 of the 38 alpha satellite repeat units. We then sequenced terminal regions of additional clones and found the motif in many of them. Immunostaining of marmoset cells demonstrated that CENP-B binds to DNA in the centromeric regions of chromosomes. Therefore, functional CENP-B boxes are not confined to hominids. Our results indicate that the efficiency of identification of the CENP-B box may depend largely on the sequencing methods used, and that the CENP-B box in centromeric repetitive DNA may be more common than researchers previously thought.

scholarly journals The common marmoset: A new world primate species with limited Mhc class II variability

1998 ◽  
Vol 95 (20) ◽  
pp. 11745-11750 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Antunes ◽  
N. G. de Groot ◽  
H. Brok ◽  
G. Doxiadis ◽  
A. A. L. Menezes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
New World ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
World Primate ◽  
The Common

scholarly journals Identification of Postentry Restrictions to Mason-Pfizer Monkey Virus Infection in New World Monkey Cells

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (22) ◽  
pp. 11140-11151 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Diehl ◽  
Elizabeth Stansell ◽  
Shari M. Kaiser ◽  
Michael Emerman ◽  
Eric Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
New World ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Resistant Cell Line ◽  
Spider Monkey ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World ◽  
New World Monkey

ABSTRACT TRIM5α has been shown to be a major postentry determinant of the host range for gammaretroviruses and lentiviruses and, more recently, spumaviruses. However, the restrictive potential of TRIM5α against other retroviruses has been largely unexplored. We sought to determine whether or not Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV), a prototype betaretrovirus isolated from rhesus macaques, was sensitive to restriction by TRIM5α. Cell lines from both Old World and New World primate species were screened for their susceptibility to infection by vesicular stomatitis virus G protein pseudotyped M-PMV. All of the cell lines tested that were established from Old World primates were found to be susceptible to M-PMV infection. However, fibroblasts established from three New World monkey species specifically resisted infection by this virus. Exogenously expressing TRIM5α from either tamarin or squirrel monkeys in permissive cell lines resulted in a block to M-PMV infection. Restriction in the resistant cell line of spider monkey origin was determined to occur at a postentry stage. However, spider monkey TRIM5α expression in permissive cells failed to restrict M-PMV infection, and interference with endogenous TRIM5α in the spider monkey fibroblasts failed to relieve the block to infectivity. Our results demonstrate that TRIM5α specificity extends to betaretroviruses and suggest that New World monkeys have evolved additional mechanisms to restrict the infection of at least one primate betaretrovirus.

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