Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in Low Birth Weight Infants: Environmental Factors Affecting Biofilm Production in Staphylococcus epidermidis

The goal of feeding regimens for low-birth-weight infants is to obtain a prompt postnatal resumption of growth to a rate approximating intrauterine growth because this is believed to provide the best possible conditions for subsequent normal development. This statement reviews current opinion and practices as well as earlier reviews1-5 of the feeding of the low-birth-weight infant. Caloric Requirement The basal metabolic rate of low-birth-weight infants is lower than that of full-term infants during the first week of life, but it reaches and exceeds that of the full-term infant by the second week. Daily caloric requirements reach 50 to 100 kcal/kg by the end of the first week of life and usually increase to 110 to 150 kcal/kg in subsequent active growth. A partition of the daily minimum energy requirements is shown in Table I.6 There are considerable variations from these average values, depending on both biological and environmental factors. Infants who are small for gestational age tend to have a higher basal metabolic rate than do premature infants of the same weight.7 The degree of physical activity appears to be a characteristic of the individual infant. Environmental factors may have a greater influence than biological variation in determining the total caloric requirements. The maximal response to cold stress can increase the resting rate of heat production up to 2½ times.6Calories expended for specific dynamic action and for fecal losses are dependent on the composition of the milk or formula fed, as well as on individual variations in absorption of

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Coagulase-negative staphylococci in very-low-birth-weight infants: inability of genetic markers to distinguish invasive strains from blood culture contaminants

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1007/s10096-006-0130-2 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 283-290 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

R. Bradford ◽

R. Abdul Manan ◽

A. J. Daley ◽

C. Pearce ◽

A. Ramalingam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Blood Culture ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Genetic Markers ◽

Very Low Birth Weight ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants

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The Role of Coagulase-negative Staphylococci in Early Onset Sepsis in a Large European Cohort of Very Low Birth Weight Infants

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal ◽

10.1097/inf.0000000000000175 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. e121-e125 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Alessandra Mularoni ◽

Marisela Madrid ◽

Agueda Azpeitia ◽

Adolf Valls i Soler

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Early Onset ◽

Very Low Birth Weight ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants ◽

Early Onset Sepsis

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Factors affecting psychosocial development of very low birth weight infants at 18 and 36 months of age

Japan Journal of Nursing Science ◽

10.1111/jjns.12412 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Miyuki Inoue ◽

Atsushi Nemoto ◽

Atsushi Naito ◽

Yukimi Shiozawa ◽

Ayaka Kobayashi

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Psychosocial Development ◽

Very Low Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants ◽

Factors Affecting

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Persistent Bacteremia Due to Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in Low Birth Weight Neonates

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.84.6.977 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 84 (6) ◽

pp. 977-985

Author(s):

Christian C. Patrick ◽

Sheldon L. Kaplan ◽

Carol J. Baker ◽

Joseph T. Parisi ◽

Edward O. Mason

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Sodium Dodecyl ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Blood Cultures ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants ◽

Persistent Bacteremia ◽

Intravascular Catheters

During a 6-month period in 1987, 13 low birth weight neonates without indwelling central intravascular catheters had persistent (positive blood cultures for ≥6 days) coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia despite adequate antibiotic therapy. Daily blood cultures remained persistently positive for a mean of 13 days (range 6 to 25 days). This group of infants was compared with other low birth weight infants with similar birth weights and nonpersistent coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia, defined as two or more positive blood cultures accompanied by supporting clinical manifestations of sepsis. During this period, coagulase-negative staphylococcal represented 29% of all bacteremias, and 33% of coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremias were persistent. Other than soft tissue abscesses, none of the infants with persistent coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia had a defined focus of infection. Abdominal distention (P= .001) and thrombocytopenia (P<.03) occurred significantly more frequently in the patients with persistent coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia than in those with nonpersistent bacteremia. Of the 13 patients with persistent coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia, 2 received methicillin and 11 received vancomycin. No antibiotic tolerance to either antibiotic could be demonstrated. Serum concentrations of vancomycin far exceeded the minimum bactericidal concentration in all cases in which vancomycin was prescribed. No in vitro differences could be demonstrated between persistent and nonpersistent coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains for slime production, biotype, proteins from modified whole cell lysates developed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and opsonophagocytosis by adult neutrophils in the presence of pooled human sera. Additionally, plasmid profile analysis and phage typing revealed no common strain causing the persistent bacteremia. The pathogenesis of persistent coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia in low birth weight neonates without intravascular catheters remains obscure.

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