Using sensory weighting to model the influence of canal, otolith and visual cues on spatial orientation and eye movements

2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Zupan ◽  
D. M. Merfeld ◽  
C. Darlot
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Sensory Weighting

scholarly journals Different Visual Weighting due to Fast or Slow Vestibular Deafferentation: Before and after Schwannoma Surgery

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik Tjernström ◽  
Per-Anders Fransson ◽  
Babar Kahlon ◽  
Mikael Karlberg ◽  
Sven Lindberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Vestibular Function ◽  
Sensory Systems ◽  
Vestibular Loss ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Background. Feedback postural control depends upon information from somatosensation, vision, and the vestibular system that are weighted depending on their relative importance within the central nervous system. Following loss of any sensory component, the weighting changes, e.g., when suffering a vestibular loss, the most common notion is that patients become more dependent on visual cues for maintaining postural control. Dizziness and disequilibrium are common after surgery in schwannoma patients, which could be due to interpretation of the remaining sensory systems involved in feedback-dependent postural control and spatial orientation. Objective. To compare visual dependency in spatial orientation and postural control in patients suffering from unilateral vestibular loss within different time frames. Methods. Patients scheduled for schwannoma surgery: group 1 (n=27) with no vestibular function prior to surgery (lost through years), group 2 (n=12) with remaining vestibular function at the time of surgery (fast deafferentation), and group 3 (n=18) with remaining function that was lost through gentamicin installations in the middle ear (slow deafferentation). All patients performed vibratory posturography and rod and frame investigation before surgery and 6 months after surgery. Results. Postural control improved after surgery in patients that suffered a slow deafferentation (groups 1 and 3) (p<0.001). Patients that suffered fast loss of remaining vestibular function (group 2) became less visual field dependent after surgery (p≤0.035) and were less able to maintain stability compared with group 1 (p=0.010) and group 3 (p=0.010). Conclusions. The nature and time course of vestibular deafferentation influence the weighting of remaining sensory systems in order to maintain postural control and spatial orientation.

scholarly journals Can short duration visual cues influence students’ reasoning and eye movements in physics problems?

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Madsen ◽  
Amy Rouinfar ◽  
Adam M. Larson ◽  
Lester C. Loschky ◽  
N. Sanjay Rebello
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Physics Problems

scholarly journals Dissociable Cortical and Subcortical Mechanisms for Mediating the Influences of Visual Cues on Microsaccadic Eye Movements

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziad M. Hafed ◽  
Masatoshi Yoshida ◽  
Xiaoguang Tian ◽  
Antimo Buonocore ◽  
Tatiana Malevich
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Visual Selection ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fixational Eye Movements ◽  
Functional Implications ◽  
Neural Interactions ◽  
Selection Mechanisms ◽  
Frequency Modulations

Visual selection in primates is intricately linked to eye movements, which are generated by a network of cortical and subcortical neural circuits. When visual selection is performed covertly, without foveating eye movements toward the selected targets, a class of fixational eye movements, called microsaccades, is still involved. Microsaccades are small saccades that occur when maintaining precise gaze fixation on a stationary point, and they exhibit robust modulations in peripheral cueing paradigms used to investigate covert visual selection mechanisms. These modulations consist of changes in both microsaccade directions and frequencies after cue onsets. Over the past two decades, the properties and functional implications of these modulations have been heavily studied, revealing a potentially important role for microsaccades in mediating covert visual selection effects. However, the neural mechanisms underlying cueing effects on microsaccades are only beginning to be investigated. Here we review the available causal manipulation evidence for these effects’ cortical and subcortical substrates. In the superior colliculus (SC), activity representing peripheral visual cues strongly influences microsaccade direction, but not frequency, modulations. In the cortical frontal eye fields (FEF), activity only compensates for early reflexive effects of cues on microsaccades. Using evidence from behavior, theoretical modeling, and preliminary lesion data from the primary visual cortex and microstimulation data from the lower brainstem, we argue that the early reflexive microsaccade effects arise subcortically, downstream of the SC. Overall, studying cueing effects on microsaccades in primates represents an important opportunity to link perception, cognition, and action through unaddressed cortical-subcortical neural interactions. These interactions are also likely relevant in other sensory and motor modalities during other active behaviors.

scholarly journals Influence of visual cues on head and eye movements during listening tasks in multi-talker audiovisual environments with animated characters

2018 ◽  
Vol 101 ◽  
pp. 70-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maartje M.E. Hendrikse ◽  
Gerard Llorach ◽  
Giso Grimm ◽  
Volker Hohmann
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Animated Characters

Increasing Altitude and the Optokinetic Cervical Reflex

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 319-325
Author(s):  
Matthew A. Stewart ◽  
Sravan Pingali ◽  
David G. Newman
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Head Tilt ◽  
Flight Simulator ◽  
Visual Environment ◽  
Bank Angle ◽  
Environment Changes ◽  
Post Hoc

INTRODUCTION: When an aircraft banks pilots will reflexively tilt their heads in the opposite direction, known as the optokinetic cervical reflex (OKCR). This is elicited by the appearance of the horizon and is an attempt to keep the moving horizon stable on the pilots retina to help maintain spatial orientation. The appearance of the horizon and the visual environment changes at higher altitudes and there is little research studying the effects of this. Our hypothesis was that increasing altitude would alter the visual cues present and decrease the OKCR.METHODS: There were 16 subjects who flew two flights in a flight simulator while their head tilt, aircraft altitude, and angle of aircraft bank were recorded. The flights were at an altitude of under 1500 ft above ground and above 15,000 ft above ground.RESULTS: Aircraft bank caused head tilt in the opposite direction at both altitudes. A two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests showed that 86% of aircraft bank angles from 0 to 90 in either direction had a head tilt that was statistically significantly smaller at high altitude.DISCUSSION: This study shows that there appears to be a difference between the OKCR at low and high altitude. Pilots at higher altitude seem to exhibit a smaller head tilt for the same aircraft bank angle. More research is required to fully understand why there is a decrease in the OKCR at high altitude, as well as the actual consequences of the decreased reflex on pilot orientation.Stewart MA, Pingali S, Newman DG. Increasing altitude and the optokinetic cervical reflex. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(5):319325.

ACTIVE 3D VISION THROUGH GAZE RELOCATION IN A HUMANOID ROBOT

2009 ◽  
Vol 06 (03) ◽  
pp. 481-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
FABRIZIO SANTINI ◽  
ROHIT NAMBISAN ◽  
MICHELE RUCCI
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
3D Vision ◽  
Human Eye ◽  
3D Space ◽  
Human Eye Movements ◽  
3D Information

Motion parallax, the relative motion of 3D space at different distances experienced by a moving agent, is one of the most informative visual cues of depth and distance. While motion parallax is typically investigated during navigation, it also occurs in most robotic head/eye systems during rotations of the cameras. In these systems, as in the eyes of many species, the optical nodal points do not lie on the axes of rotation. Thus, a camera rotation shifts an object's projection on the sensor by an amount that depends not only on the rotation amplitude, but also on the distance of the object with respect to the camera. Several species rely on this cue to estimate distance. An oculomotor parallax is present also in the human eye, and during normal eye movements, displaces the stimulus on the retina by an amount that is well within the range of sensitivity of the visual system. We developed an anthropomorphic robot equipped with an oculomotor system specifically designed to reproduce the images impinging on the human retina. In this study, we thoroughly characterize the oculomotor parallax emerging while replicating human eye movements and describe a method for combining 3D information resulting from pan and tilt rotations of the cameras. We show that emulation of the dynamic strategy by which humans scan a visual scene gives accurate estimation of distance within the space surrounding the robot.

scholarly journals Vestibular and oculomotor influences on visual dependency

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 1480-1487 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Edward Roberts ◽  
Mariane Da Silva Melo ◽  
Aazim A. Siddiqui ◽  
Qadeer Arshad ◽  
Mitesh Patel
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Oculomotor Responses ◽  
Visual Vertical ◽  
Torsional Nystagmus ◽  
Disk Test

The degree to which a person relies on visual stimuli for spatial orientation is termed visual dependency (VD). VD is considered a perceptual trait or cognitive style influenced by psychological factors and mediated by central reweighting of the sensory inputs involved in spatial orientation. VD is often measured with the rod-and-disk test, in which participants align a central rod to the subjective visual vertical (SVV) in the presence of a background that is either stationary or rotating around the line of sight—dynamic SVV. Although this task has been employed to assess VD in health and vestibular disease, what effect torsional nystagmic eye movements may have on individual performance is unknown. Using caloric ear irrigation, 3D video-oculography, and the rod-and-disk test, we show that caloric torsional nystagmus modulates measures of VD and demonstrate that increases in tilt after irrigation are positively correlated with changes in ocular torsional eye movements. When the direction of the slow phase of the torsional eye movement induced by the caloric is congruent with that induced by the rotating visual stimulus, there is a significant increase in tilt. When these two torsional components are in opposition, there is a decrease. These findings show that measures of VD can be influenced by oculomotor responses induced by caloric stimulation. The findings are of significance for clinical studies, as they indicate that VD, which often increases in vestibular disorders, is modulated not only by changes in cognitive style but also by eye movements, in particular nystagmus.

The use of visual cues for spatial orientation in the sleepy lizard (Tiliqua rugosa)

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Zuri ◽  
C M Bull
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Tiliqua Rugosa ◽  
Different Shapes

The sleepy lizard (Tiliqua rugosa) is a large, long-lived terrestrial Australian skink. In the present study we investigated the ability of sleepy lizards to use different visual cues for spatial orientation. The lizards were trained to locate shelters in certain places and then trained to certain signals associated with their shelters. In the absence of surrounding visual cues the lizards preferred familiar sites that were previously associated with their shelters. However, when presented with signals that had been associated with their shelters, they chose the vicinity of these familiar signals, even after their displacement to new sites. The lizards discriminated between black and white signals and between triangular and circular signals but not between red and green signals. Previous studies had shown that sleepy lizards exhibit home-range fidelity, raising the question of which environmental cues are important for them for spatial orientation within their home ranges. We suggest that the ability of sleepy lizards to discriminate between visual signals of different shapes and degrees of brightness enables them to "memorize" certain fixed landmarks in their large home ranges and to orient accordingly.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document