scholarly journals Shoot tip necrosis of in vitro plant cultures: a reappraisal of possible causes and solutions

Planta ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 252 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva ◽  
Esmaeil Nezami-Alanagh ◽  
María E. Barreal ◽  
Mafatlal M. Kher ◽  
Adhityo Wicaksono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Physiological Condition ◽  
Shoot Tip ◽  
High Relative Humidity ◽  
Culture Vessel ◽  
In Vitro Shoots ◽  
In Vitro Plant ◽  
Shoot Tip Necrosis

Abstract Main conclusion Shoot tip necrosis is a physiological condition that negatively impacts the growth and development of in vitro plant shoot cultures across a wide range of species. Abstract Shoot tip necrosis is a physiological condition and disorder that can arise in plantlets or shoots in vitro that results in death of the shoot tip. This condition, which can spread basipetally and affect the emergence of axillary shoots from buds lower down the stem, is due to the cessation of apical dominance. STN can occur at both shoot multiplication and rooting stages. One of the most common factors that cause STN is nutrient deficiency or imbalance. Moreover, the presence or absence of plant growth regulators (auxins or cytokinins) at specific developmental stages may impact STN. The cytokinin to auxin ratio within an in vitro plant can be modified by varying the concentration of cytokinins used in the culture medium. The supply of nutrients to in vitro shoots or plantlets might also affect their hormonal balance, thus modifying the occurrence of STN. High relative humidity within culture vessels and hyperhydricity are associated with STN. An adequate supply of calcium as the divalent cation (Ca2+) can hinder STN by inhibiting the accumulation of phenolic compounds and thus programmed cell death. Moreover, the level of Ca2+ affects auxin transport and ethylene production, and higher ethylene production, which can occur as a result of high relative humidity in or poor ventilation of the in vitro culture vessel, induces STN. High relative humidity can decrease the mobility of Ca2+ within a plant, resulting in Ca2+ deficiency and STN. STN of in vitro shoots or plantlets can be halted or reversed by altering the basal medium, mainly the concentration of Ca2+, adjusting the levels of auxins or cytokinins, or modifying culture conditions. This review examines the literature related to STN, seeks to discover the associated factors and relations between them, proposes practical solutions, and attempts to better understand the mechanism(s) underlying this condition in vitro.

scholarly journals Phytotoxicity and Other Adverse Effects on the In Vitro Shoot Cultures Caused by Virus Elimination Treatments: Reasons and Solutions

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 670
Author(s):  
Katalin Magyar-Tábori ◽  
Nóra Mendler-Drienyovszki ◽  
Alexandra Hanász ◽  
László Zsombik ◽  
Judit Dobránszki
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Physiological Condition ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Shoot Cultures ◽  
Virus Elimination ◽  
In Vitro Shoots ◽  
Further Development ◽  
In Vitro Shoot Cultures ◽  
Harmful Effects

In general, in vitro virus elimination is based on the culture of isolated meristem, and in addition thermotherapy, chemotherapy, electrotherapy, and cryotherapy can also be applied. During these processes, plantlets suffer several stresses, which can result in low rate of survival, inhibited growth, incomplete development, or abnormal morphology. Even though the in vitro cultures survive the treatment, further development can be inhibited; thus, regeneration capacity of treated in vitro shoots or explants play also an important role in successful virus elimination. Sensitivity of genotypes to treatments is very different, and the rate of destruction largely depends on the physiological condition of plants as well. Exposure time of treatments affects the rate of damage in almost every therapy. Other factors such as temperature, illumination (thermotherapy), type and concentration of applied chemicals (chemo- and cryotherapy), and electric current intensity (electrotherapy) also may have a great impact on the rate of damage. However, there are several ways to decrease the harmful effect of treatments. This review summarizes the harmful effects of virus elimination treatments applied on tissue cultures reported in the literature. The aim of this review is to expound the solutions that can be used to mitigate phytotoxic and other adverse effects in practice.

scholarly journals Effect of Relative Humidity in the Culture Vessel on the Growth and Shoot Elongation of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Plantlets In Vitro.

1993 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toyoki Kozai ◽  
Koji Tanaka ◽  
Byoung Ryong Jeong ◽  
Kazuhiro Fujiwara
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Culture Vessel

scholarly journals Influence of Ca2+ and 6-benzyladenine on chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) in vitro shoot-tip necrosis

Plant Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Piagnani ◽  
Graziano Zocchi ◽  
Ilaria Mignani
Keyword(s):  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Shoot Tip ◽  
Castanea Sativa Mill ◽  
Shoot Tip Necrosis

Exogenous application of melatonin improves eradication of apple stem grooving virus from the infected in vitro shoots by shoot tip culture

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 997-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Chen ◽  
M.‐R. Wang ◽  
J.‐W. Li ◽  
C.‐H. Feng ◽  
Z.‐H. Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Tip ◽  
Shoot Tip Culture ◽  
Exogenous Application ◽  
Apple Stem Grooving Virus ◽  
Apple Stem ◽  
In Vitro Shoots

Boron on in vitro growth and enzymatic activity of Blueberry

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessé Neves dos Santos ◽  
Ricardo Antonio Ayub ◽  
Isabela Letícia Pessenti ◽  
André Belmont Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Boric Acid ◽  
High Activity ◽  
Shoot Tip ◽  
In Vitro Growth ◽  
The Third ◽  
Shoot Tip Necrosis

Abstract Boron (B) is essential for plants metabolism and most culture mediums use the same concentration, but in different quantities this nutrient may provoke growth alterations. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of B on in vitro growth of blueberry in three experiments. The first experiment of multiplication (evaluated at 90 days) used 3 concentrations of 2-isopentenyladenine-2iP with 4 concentrations of boric acid-BA (factorial scheme 3x4). The second used 4 concentrations of BA and 1 concentration of 2iP and the third (rooting) used 4 concentrations of BA and 1 concentration of indolbutyric acid-IBA both evaluated at 180 days (unifactorial scheme). All the experiments had 4 replicates with explants. 6.2 mg L-1 of B and 5.0 mg L-1 of 2iP generated the highest shoot quantity (18.4, 25.5 respectively). From the interaction of these concentrations, there was the highest activity of POD and PPO enzymes. Under B deficit was seen a larger number of shoot-tip necrosis (9), red leaves (31) and high activity of the PAL, IAAO and POD enzymes. With IBA the correlation between IAAO and the roots’ growth was positive, showing that blueberry rooting depends of both B and IAAO regulation.

Intensive production of juvenile cuttings by mother microplant culture in Hydrangea macrophylla "Leuchtfeuer"

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles Galopin ◽  
François Beaujard ◽  
Michel Gendraud
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
High Relative Humidity ◽  
Hydrangea Macrophylla ◽  
Intensive Production

The vegetative propagation of hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla "Leuchtfeuer") should be explored through the architectural concepts of woody plants. The formation and continued culture of mother microplants in the greenhouse with high relative humidity and long days make up the new propagation method. Vegetative growth is characterized by the prolific production of homogenous cuttings as basal shoots in which the morphology of the axis is similar to that of plants produced by germination. There is considerable capacity for high levels of production, and it is a possible alternative to in vitro and traditional propagation. The morphogenetic basis of the functioning of these cultures is discussed in relation to juvenility and differentiation in woody plants. Keywords: morphogenesis, Hydrangea macrophylla, vegetative propagation, juvenility.

scholarly journals Influence of Root Zone Calcium on Subapical Necrosis in Potato Shoot Cultures: Localization of Injury at the Tissue and Cellular Levels

2008 ◽  
Vol 133 (5) ◽  
pp. 653-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Busse ◽  
Senay Ozgen ◽  
Jiwan P. Palta
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apical Meristem ◽  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Shoot Tip ◽  
Axillary Shoot ◽  
Shoot Cultures ◽  
Primary Injury ◽  
Shoot Tip Necrosis

Shoot tip necrosis has been attributed to calcium deficiency in in vitro cultures, resulting in death of the stem tip, the loss of apical dominance, and axillary branch development. Using an in vitro shoot culture system with Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Dark Red Norland, we studied the development of injury symptoms at the microscopic and tissue levels at a range of media calcium concentrations varying from 6.8 to 3000 μm. Light and electron microscopic studies revealed that the primary injury due to calcium deficiency was the death and collapse of expanding pith cells below the shoot apex. The structure and organization of the shoot apical meristem was the same when plants were cultured on sufficient or suboptimal media calcium concentrations. However, the apical meristem senesced following subapical shoot tissue collapse. Death of the shoot apical meristem was a secondary effect of calcium deficiency, resulting in loss of apical dominance. Studies with 45Ca indicated that calcium was distributed in a gradient along the shoot, with highest concentration at the base and the lowest at the apex. Shoot tip necrosis developed after 20 days of culture on the suboptimal calcium concentration medium. The development of these symptoms and axillary shoot growth was associated with the lack of calcium accumulation in the shoots. Our results provide evidence that a primary injury of calcium deficiency is localized in the expanding pith cells below the shoot apical meristem and this injury results in the collapse of subapical cells. Death of the shoot apical meristem is a secondary injury resulting from calcium deficiency.

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