scholarly journals Metaplasticity in the human swallowing system: clinical implications for dysphagia rehabilitation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivy Cheng ◽  
Shaheen Hamdy
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Functional Recovery ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Homeostatic Mechanism ◽  
Dysphagia Rehabilitation ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Dysphagia is a common and devastating complication following brain damage. Over the last 2 decades, dysphagia treatments have shifted from compensatory to rehabilitative strategies that facilitate neuroplasticity, which is the reorganization of neural networks that is essential for functional recovery. Moreover, there is growing interest in the application of cortical and peripheral neurostimulation to promote such neuroplasticity. Despite some preliminary positive findings, the variability in responsiveness toward these treatments remains substantial. The purpose of this review is to summarize findings on the effects of neurostimulation in promoting neuroplasticity for dysphagia rehabilitation and highlight the need to develop more effective treatment strategies. We then discuss the role of metaplasticity, a homeostatic mechanism of the brain to regulate plasticity changes, in helping to drive neurorehabilitation. Finally, a hypothesis on how metaplasticity could be applied in dysphagia rehabilitation to enhance treatment outcomes is proposed.

Fibrinolytic Activity of Cerebro-Spinal Fluid and the Development of Artificial Cerebral Haematomas in Dogs

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (02) ◽  
pp. 294-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Mihara ◽  
T Fujii ◽  
S Okamoto
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Fibrinolytic Activity ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Trans Form ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Fibrin Plate ◽  
The Brain

SummaryBlood was injected into the brains of dogs to produce artificial haematomas, and paraffin injected to produce intracerebral paraffin masses. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood samples were withdrawn at regular intervals and their fibrinolytic activities estimated by the fibrin plate method. Trans-form aminomethylcyclohexane-carboxylic acid (t-AMCHA) was administered to some individuals. Genera] relationships were found between changes in CSF fibrinolytic activity, area of tissue damage and survival time. t-AMCHA was clearly beneficial to those animals given a programme of administration. Tissue activator was extracted from the brain tissue after death or sacrifice for haematoma examination. The possible role of tissue activator in relation to haematoma development, and clinical implications of the results, are discussed.

Role of Flavonoids in Neurodegenerative Disorders with Special Emphasis on Tangeritin

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 581-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambreen Fatima ◽  
Yasir Hasan Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Plant Polyphenols ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Brain

Flavonoids are naturally occurring plant polyphenols found universally in all fruits, vegetables and medicinal plants. They have emerged as a promising candidate in the formulation of treatment strategies for various neurodegenerative disorders. The use of flavonoid rich plant extracts and food in dietary supplementation have shown favourable outcomes. The present review describes the types, properties and metabolism of flavonoids. Neuroprotective role of various flavonoids and the possible mechanism of action in the brain against the neurodegeneration have been described in detail with special emphasis on the tangeritin.

New insights on dandruff/seborrhoeic dermatitis: the role of the scalp follicular infundibulum in effective treatment strategies

2011 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 18-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Schwartz ◽  
R. Shah ◽  
H. Krigbaum ◽  
J. Sacha ◽  
A. Vogt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Seborrhoeic Dermatitis

Role of Individual Neurons and Neural Networks in Cognitive Functioning of the Brain: A New Insight

2001 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri I. Arshavsky
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
The Brain

CONTROL OF THE TRANSITION TO CHAOS IN NEURAL NETWORKS WITH RANDOM CONNECTIVITY

1993 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. 279-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. DOYON ◽  
B. CESSAC ◽  
M. QUOY ◽  
M. SAMUELIDES
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Chaotic Dynamics ◽  
Synaptic Coupling ◽  
Sustained Activity ◽  
Weak Connectivity ◽  
Fully Connected ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Theoretical Results ◽  
Random Connectivity

The occurrence of chaos in recurrent neural networks is supposed to depend on the architecture and on the synaptic coupling strength. It is studied here for a randomly diluted architecture. We produce a bifurcation parameter independent of the connectivity that allows a sustained activity and the occurrence of chaos when reaching a critical value. Even for weak connectivity and small size, we find numerical results in accordance with the theoretical ones previously established for fully connected infinite sized networks. Moreover the route towards chaos is numerically checked to be a quasiperiodic one, whatever the type of the first bifurcation is. In the discussion, we connect these results to some recent theoretical results about highly diluted networks. Hints are provided for further investigations to elicit the role of chaotic dynamics in the cognitive processes of the brain.

scholarly journals CCR2 deficiency in monocytes impairs angiogenesis and functional recovery after ischemic stroke in mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. S98-S116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Pedragosa ◽  
Francesc Miró-Mur ◽  
Amaia Otxoa-de-Amezaga ◽  
Carles Justicia ◽  
Francisca Ruíz-Jaén ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Functional Recovery ◽  
Behavioral Performance ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Ischemic Brain ◽  
Arginase 1 ◽  
Angiogenic Genes ◽  
The Brain

Inflammatory Ly6ChiCCR2+ monocytes infiltrate the brain after stroke but their functions are not entirely clear. We report that CCR2+ monocytes and CCR2+ lymphocytes infiltrate the brain after permanent ischemia. To underscore the role of CCR2+ monocytes, we generated mice with selective CCR2 deletion in monocytes. One day post-ischemia, these mice showed less infiltrating monocytes and reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, markers of alternatively macrophage activation, and angiogenesis. Accordingly, Ly6Chi monocytes sorted from the brain of wild type mice 24 h post-ischemia expressed pro-inflammatory genes, M2 genes, and pro-angiogenic genes. Flow cytometry showed heterogeneous phenotypes within the infiltrating Ly6ChiCCR2+ monocytes, including a subgroup of Arginase-1+ cells. Mice with CCR2-deficient monocytes displayed a delayed inflammatory rebound 15 days post-ischemia that was not found in wild type mice. Furthermore, they showed reduced angiogenesis and worse behavioral performance. Administration of CCR2+/+ bone-marrow monocytes to mice with CCR2-deficient monocytes did not improve the behavioral performance suggesting that immature bone-marrow monocytes lack pro-reparative functions. The results show that CCR2+ monocytes contribute to acute post-ischemic inflammation and participate in functional recovery. The study unravels heterogeneity in the population of CCR2+ monocytes infiltrating the ischemic brain and suggests that pro-reparative monocyte subsets promote functional recovery after ischemic stroke.

scholarly journals Hibernating Myocardium and Role of 18F FDG PET Cardiac Imaging – A review

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Raihan Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Functional Recovery ◽  
Fdg Pet ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Hibernating Myocardium ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Tissue Viability ◽  
18F Fdg ◽  
Artery Disease

<p>The term “Hibernation” is a challenging term but not infrequently used in Nuclear Cardiology. It often is used synonymously for tissue viability, although technically there are some differences. Viability is a prospective definition, but it does not imply evidence of functional recovery after interventions whereas hibernation is a retrospective definition based on evidence of functional recovery after interventions. But for practical clinical purposes both carries the similar meaning. The aim of this review article is to summarize our current understanding of the concept of hibernation and its clinical implications in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and the role of FDG PET study in its proper evaluation.</p><p>Bangladesh J. Nuclear Med. 20(1): 45-50, January 2017</p>

scholarly journals The Role of 2-Oxoglutarate Dependent Dioxygenases in Gliomas and Glioblastomas: A Review of Epigenetic Reprogramming and Hypoxic Response

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebekah L. I. Crake ◽  
Eleanor R. Burgess ◽  
Janice A. Royds ◽  
Elisabeth Phillips ◽  
Margreet C. M. Vissers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Patient Survival ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Histone Demethylases ◽  
Dioxygenase Enzymes ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
The Brain

Gliomas are a heterogeneous group of cancers that predominantly arise from glial cells in the brain, but may also arise from neural stem cells, encompassing low-grade glioma and high-grade glioblastoma. Whereas better diagnosis and new treatments have improved patient survival for many cancers, glioblastomas remain challenging with a highly unfavorable prognosis. This review discusses a super-family of enzymes, the 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenase enzymes (2-OGDD) that control numerous processes including epigenetic modifications and oxygen sensing, and considers their many roles in the pathology of gliomas. We specifically describe in more detail the DNA and histone demethylases, and the hypoxia-inducible factor hydroxylases in the context of glioma, and discuss the substrate and cofactor requirements of the 2-OGDD enzymes. Better understanding of how these enzymes contribute to gliomas could lead to the development of new treatment strategies.

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