Negative Traffic Externalities and Infant Health: The Role of Income Heterogeneity and Residential Sorting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dede Long ◽  
David Lewis ◽  
Christian Langpap
Keyword(s):  
Infant Health ◽  
Residential Sorting

scholarly journals Structural Racial Inequities in Socioeconomic Status, Urban-Rural Classification, and Infant Mortality in US Counties

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-398
Author(s):  
Jessica Owens-Young ◽  
Caryn N. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Racial Gaps ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Relationship

Objectives: Despite improvements in infant mortality rates (IMR) in the United States, racial gaps in IMR remain and may be driven by both structural racism and place. This study assesses the relationship between structural racism and race-specific IMR and the role of urban-rural classifica­tion on race-specific IMR and Black/White racial gaps in IMR.Methods: We conducted an analysis of variance tests using 2019 County Health Rankings Data to determine differences in structural racism indicators, IMR and other co-variates by urban-rural classification. We used linear regressions to determine the associations between measures of structural racism and county-level health outcomes.Results: Study results suggest that racial inequities in education, work, and home­ownership negatively impact Black IMR, especially in large fringe, medium, and small metro counties, and positively impact White IMR. Structural racism is also associated with Black-White gaps in IMR.Conclusions: Factors related to structural racism may not be homogenous or have the same impacts on overall IMR, race-specific IMR, and racial differences in IMR across places. Understanding these differential impacts can help public health profes­sionals and policymakers improve Black infant health and eliminate racial inequities in IMR. Ethn Dis. 2020;30(3):389-398; doi:10.18865/ed.30.3.389

scholarly journals The Role of Microbiota in Infant Health: From Early Life to Adulthood

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Yao ◽  
Xiaoyu Cai ◽  
Yiqing Ye ◽  
Fengmei Wang ◽  
Fengying Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy ◽  
The Relationship

From early life to adulthood, the microbiota play a crucial role in the health of the infant. The microbiota in early life are not only a key regulator of infant health but also associated with long-term health. Pregnancy to early life is the golden time for the establishment of the infant microbiota, which is affected by both environmental and genetic factors. Recently, there is an explosion of the studies on the role of microbiota in human diseases, but the application to disease or health is relatively limited because many aspects of human microbiota remain controversial, especially about the infant microbiota. Therefore, a critical and conclusive review is necessary to understand fully the relationship between the microbiota and the health of infant. In this article, we introduce in detail the role of microbiota in the infant from pregnancy to early life to long-term health. The main contents of this article include the relationship between the maternal microbiota and adverse pregnancy outcomes, the establishment of the neonatal microbiota during perinatal period and early life, the composition of the infant gut microbiota, the prediction of the microbiota for long-term health, and the future study directions of microbiota.

scholarly journals Linking Neighbors’ Fertility: Third Births in Norwegian Neighborhoods

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janna Bergsvik
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Neighborhood Context ◽  
Demographic Research ◽  
Rural Districts ◽  
Geographical Variations ◽  
Fertility Variation ◽  
Residential Sorting ◽  
Geographical Dimension ◽  
Constant Characteristics

Geographical variations in fertility and the diffusion of fertility across space and social networks are central topics in demographic research. Less is known, however, about the role of neighborhoods and neighbors with regard to geographical variations in fertility. This paper investigates spatial variations in family size by analyzing third births in a neighborhood context. Using unique geo-data on neighbors and neighborhoods, this paper introduces a new geographical dimension of fertility variation and contributes to our understanding of geographical variations in fertility. Flexible, ego-centered neighborhoods are constructed using longitudinal geo-data taken from administrative registers (2000-2014). Data on inhabitants’ residential address, their housing, family situation and fixed effects for statistical tracts are used to account for sorting into housing and urban versus rural districts. The analysis shows that the likelihood of two-child couples having another child increases with the share of families in the neighborhood that have three or more children. This relationship remains unchanged, even after controlling for the sociodemographic characteristics of couples, the educational level attained by neighboring women as well as time-constant characteristics of neighborhoods. Results are consistent across various neighborhood definitions ranging from the 12 to the 500 nearest neighbors. However, the association between neighbors’ fertility becomes stronger as the number of neighbors increases, suggesting that selective residential sorting is an important driver. Consequently, this study indicates that transitions to third birth may be linked to social interaction effects among neighbors, in addition to well-known processes of selective residential sorting.

scholarly journals The Role of Oxytocin and the Effect of Stress During Childbirth: Neurobiological Basics and Implications for Mother and Child

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael H. Walter ◽  
Harald Abele ◽  
Claudia F. Plappert
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Current State ◽  
Maternal And Infant Health ◽  
Maternal Brain ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Controlling Processes

The neuropeptide oxytocin acts as a hormone and a neuromodulator, influencing a multitude of human social behaviors, including reproduction. During childbirth and the postpartum period, it plays a key role in regulating and controlling processes that ensure a safe birth and the health of mother and child. Especially the onset of labor, the progress of labor and initial breastfeeding are mediated by oxytocin. In the maternal brain it controls the initiation of the mother–infant bond and the mother’s emotional responses towards her child. In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge about the role of oxytocin during the different aspects and mechanisms of human childbirth, combining research from human and animal studies. Physiological and psychological stress during childbirth and lactation can have negative effects on the progress of labor, breastfeeding and bonding. We discuss how maternity caregivers can support the positive effects of oxytocin and minimize the effects of stress. Furthermore, we highlight aspects of the basic neurobiological principles and connections where further research is needed to improve our understanding of the regulation and the effects of oxytocin to support maternal and infant health.

scholarly journals The inequality debate: the neglected role of residential sorting

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip S Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Separation ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Location Decisions ◽  
Neighbourhood Effects ◽  
Homogeneous Groups ◽  
The Social ◽  
Residential Sorting ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
The Rich

One of the curious features of recent writing on income inequality is the scant attention paid to the geography of inequality, to the spatial separation of rich and poor. While it is recognised that social capital can be enhanced by residential sorting into more homogeneous groups, there is longstanding concern that this same residential sorting may exacerbate existing inequality by inhibiting the social mobility of the poor (Turner and Fortuny, 2009).  The perspective I want to advance here differs from the standard ‘neighbourhood effects’ literature by focusing not on those living in poor neighbourhoods, but instead on the benefits residential sorting may yield for the rich – the way in which location decisions redistribute income to the upper end of the income distribution and hence further income (and wealth) inequality. 

scholarly journals Endocannabinoid Metabolome Characterization of Transitional and Mature Human Milk

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Gaitán ◽  
JodiAnne Wood ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Alexandros Makriyannis ◽  
Carol Lammi-Keefe
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptor ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Two Stages

Recognized as the gold standard, human milk (HM) is an extremely complex yet fascinating biofluid tailored to meet an infant’s nutritional requirements throughout development. Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like compounds (endocannabinoid metabolome, ECM) are endogenous lipid mediators derived from long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that have been identified in HM. Previous research has shown that arachidonoylglycerol might play a role in establishing the infant’s suckling response during lactation by activating the type 1 cannabinoid receptor in the infant’s brain. The mechanisms of action and the role of the ECM in HM are not fully understood. Transitional and mature milk samples were collected from lactating women (n = 24) for ECM characterization, quantification, and to evaluate differences among the two stages. HM samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Identified members of the ECM were: arachidonoylethanolamine, palmitoylethanolamine, oleoylethanolamine, docosahexaenoylethanolamine, eicoapentaenoylethanolamine, eicosenoylethanolamine, arachidonoylglycerol, palmitoyglycerol, oleoylglycerol, docosahexaenoylglycerol, eicosapentaenoylglycerol, eiconenooylglycerol, arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid. Only docosahexaenoylglycerol was different across transitional and mature milk (p ≤ 0.05). Data from this cohort suggest that bioactive constituents in HM may also play a role in infant health and development. Future studies can be developed based on this study’s data to help elucidate specific roles for each ECM member in addition to understanding how the ECM modulates infant health.

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