scholarly journals Does signaling childcare support on job applications reduce the motherhood penalty?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjun Bedi ◽  
Tanmoy Majilla ◽  
Matthias Rieger
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Motherhood Penalty ◽  
Point Reduction ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Indian Context ◽  
Labor Market Entry ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Indian City

AbstractThere is substantial evidence that due to perceived childcare obligations, mothers are disadvantaged in labor markets. To what extent can childcare support ameliorate such a disadvantage? To answer this question, we ran a CV experiment in a large Indian city and examined whether indicating access to childcare support in a CV may offset the motherhood penalty associated with labor market entry. We randomly varied motherhood, as well as access to childcare in CVs sent to online applications for service sector jobs in Delhi. Indicating motherhood on a CV led to a 57% or 20 percentage point reduction in callback rates for interviews as compared to non-mothers. A simple indication of access to childcare support offsets the motherhood penalty by 20% or 4 percentage points. We interpret the findings in the Indian context and with respect to potential sources of discrimination.

scholarly journals Gendered Experiences of Appearance-related Perks and Penalties in Finnish Labor Markets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iida Kukkonen ◽  
Outi Sarpila
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Labor Market Success ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
Nationally Representative

Physical appearance is generally associated with considerable labor-market sanctions, and appearances are thought to be of particular importance in the feminine service sector. However, little is known about workers’ experiences of appearance-based perks and penalties in Nordic labor markets. Drawing on literature on aesthetic capital and labor, this study aims to fill this research gap. The study uses a nationally representative survey (N = 1600) fielded in Finland and multinomial regression to determine whether subjective experiences of appearance-related perks and penalties are gendered, dependent on the field of work or daily work on appearances. Our main finding is that while both men and women experience looks-based perks and penalties, men are more likely to have experienced appearance having a say in salary negotiations. Our results shed light on the gendered logics of aesthetic capital and labor, and question economic understandings of beauty work as a pathway to labor market success for women

The Effect of Parents' Insurance Coverage on Access to Care for Low-Income Children

2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Davidoff ◽  
Lisa Dubay ◽  
Genevieve Kenney ◽  
Alshadye Yemane
Keyword(s):  
Access To Care ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Medical Provider ◽  
Low Income Children ◽  
Point Reduction ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Well Child Visit ◽  
Child Visit

This study examines the effects of having an uninsured parent on access to health care for low-income children. Using data from the 1999 National Survey of America's Families, we find that having an uninsured parent decreases the likelihood that a child will have any medical provider visit by 6.5 percentage points, and decreases the likelihood of a well-child visit by 6.7 percentage points. Estimates for low-income children who have insurance but have an uninsured parent indicate a 4.1 percentage-point reduction in the probability of having any medical provider visit, and a similar 4.2 percentage-point reduction in the probability of having a well-child visit relative to those with insured parents. The effects of having an uninsured parent are smaller in magnitude than the effects of a child being uninsured. Efforts to increase insurance coverage of parents, either by extending eligibility for public insurance or through other policy interventions, will have positive spillover effects on access to care for children. Although the magnitude of these effects is small relative to the direct effect of providing insurance to either the child or parent, they should be considered in analyses of costs and benefits of proposed policies.

scholarly journals The "Great Lockdown": Inactive Workers and Mortality by Covid-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Borri ◽  
Francesco Drago ◽  
Chiara Santantonio ◽  
Francesco Sobbrio
Keyword(s):  
Causal Effect ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Active Population ◽  
Point Reduction ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference

In response to the Covid-19 outbreak, among other previous ``non-pharmaceutical interventions'', on March 22, 2020 the Italian Government imposed an economic lockdown and ordered the closing of all non-essential economic activities. This paper estimates the causal effect of this measure on mortality by Covid-19 and on mobility patterns. The identification of the causal effect exploits the variation in the number of active workers across municipalities induced by the economic lockdown. The difference-in-difference empirical design compares outcomes in municipalities above and below the median variation in the share of active population before and after the lockdown within a province, also controlling for municipality-specific dynamics, daily-shocks at the provincial level and municipal unobserved characteristics. Our results show that the intensity of the economic lockdown is associated to a statistically significant reduction in mortality by Covid-19 and, in particular, for age groups between 40-64 and older. Back of the envelope calculations indicate that 4,793 deaths were avoided, in the 26 days between April 5 to April 30, in the 3,518 municipalities which experienced a more intense lockdown. Assuming linearity, a 1 percentage point reduction in the share of active population caused a 1.32 percentage points reduction in mortality by Covid-19. We also find that the economic lockdown, as expected, led to a reduction in human mobility. Several robustness checks corroborate our empirical findings.

Die Ursachen der transatlantischen Produktivitätswachstumsunterschiede

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf Besch ◽  
Guido Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Market Reforms ◽  
Lower Productivity ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Labor Market Reforms ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
The U.S

AbstractThis paper gives a survey on the causes of the divergence in productivity growth rates between the U.S. and Europe in the last 15 years. It is shown that Europe’s lag in productivity growth can be traced to relative lower productivity growth in the service sector. This is due to over-regulated goods, capital, land, and labor markets. Although there is a consensus that in the long run no relationship exists between productivity growth and labor market performance, in terms of policy, well-specified labor market reforms are recommended to increase productivity growth in Europe. For labor market reforms are a necessary complement for productivity-enhancing product market reforms.

scholarly journals Minimum Wages, Morality, and Efficiency: A Choice Experiment

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 176-181
Author(s):  
Conor Lennon ◽  
Jose Fernandez ◽  
Stephan Gohmann ◽  
Keith Teltser
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Employment Outcomes ◽  
Minimum Wages ◽  
Point Reduction ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Moral Assessment

We use a choice experiment to examine public support for minimum wages. We first elicit respondents' moral assessment of two labor market systems: one with a minimum wage and one without. Then, we present four pairs of hypothetical employment outcomes and ask respondents to “vote.” Our estimates suggest that the average respondent requires a 4.65 percentage point reduction in unemployment before they would support a system without a minimum wage. We also find that equity matters; respondents are 11.1 percentage points less likely to support a minimum wage if it disproportionately affects minorities and females.

scholarly journals Product Creation and Destruction: Evidence and Price Implications

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Broda ◽  
David E Weinstein
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycles ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Price Index ◽  
Entry And Exit ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
The Us ◽  
Large Sector ◽  
Product Creation ◽  
Cost Of Living Index

This paper describes the extent of product creation and destruction in a large sector of the US economy. We find four times more entry and exit in product markets than is found in labor markets because most product turnover happens within firms. Net product creation is strongly procyclical and primarily driven by creation rather than destruction. We find that a cost-of-living index that takes product turnover into account is 0.8 percentage points per year lower than a “fixed goods” price index like the CPI. The procyclicality of the bias implies that business cycles are more volatile than indicated by official statistics. (JEL E31, E32, L11, O31)

Signaling Parenthood: Managing the Motherhood Penalty and Fatherhood Premium in the U.S. Service Sector

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-283
Author(s):  
Sigrid Luhr
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Parental Status ◽  
Black Mothers ◽  
Racially Diverse ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Motherhood Penalty ◽  
Fatherhood Premium ◽  
Extensive Body ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
The U.S

An extensive body of research documents that women experience a motherhood penalty at work whereas men experience a fatherhood premium. Yet much of this work presupposes that employers are aware of a worker’s parental status. Given the different consequences that parenthood has on outcomes such as pay and promotions, it is conceivable that men and women may deploy their status as parents differently when interacting with employers. Drawing on in-depth interviews with a racially diverse sample, this article examines how mothers and fathers working in the service sector use their parental status when negotiating work and child care responsibilities. Mothers, particularly black mothers, were less likely to openly discuss their children at work. In some cases, women purposefully concealed from their employers the fact that they were mothers or found other ways of signaling their commitment to their jobs. Fathers, on the other hand, were more likely to discuss their children with their employers and overwhelmingly characterized their managers as understanding of their parenting obligations. Together, these findings help us understand how mothers and fathers navigate the consequences of parenthood in the workplace and add nuance to previous studies of motherhood penalties and fatherhood premiums.

Section II. The forecast in detail

2002 ◽  
Vol 181 ◽  
pp. 55-68
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Production ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Export Growth ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Trade Data ◽  
Strong Growth ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
External Demand ◽  
Bounce Back

It seems likely that the economy expanded rapidly in the second quarter following a virtual standstill in GDP growth in the two quarters at the turn of the year. The bounce back in growth is likely to be somewhat stronger than we had anticipated in April. Our estimates of monthly GDP suggest that the economy grew by 1.2 per cent in the second quarter of 2002 led by strong growth in industrial production of 1.7 per cent. Output in the private service sector is also estimated to have risen rapidly by 1.4 per cent. The pick-up in the industrial sector in the second quarter is primarily a consequence of stronger external demand. Trade data to May suggest that growth in export volumes rose markedly in the first two months of the second quarter. We expect that export volumes rose by just under 5 per cent in the quarter as a whole, increasing GDP by around 1½ per cent. At the same time growth in the demand for imports has risen, albeit by less than the acceleration in export growth. Net trade is expected to have added 0.75 percentage points to GDP growth in the second quarter.

Impact of the Oncology Care Model on use of bone supportive medications, antiemetics, and growth factors.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1517-1517
Author(s):  
Gabriel A. Brooks ◽  
Mary Beth Landrum ◽  
Nirav S. Kapadia ◽  
Pang-Hsiang Liu ◽  
Robert R Wolf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Supportive Care ◽  
Serotonin Antagonists ◽  
Care Model ◽  
Point Reduction ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Oncology Care ◽  
Prophylactic Use

1517 Background: The Oncology Care Model (OCM) is a voluntary, episode-based alternative payment model for cancer care launched by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services in July 2016. OCM incentivizes participating practices to reduce spending during chemotherapy treatment while maintaining quality of care. We evaluated the impact of OCM on the use of costly supportive care medications. Methods: Using 100% Medicare claims (2013-2019), we evaluated use of outpatient supportive care medications during chemotherapy episodes assigned to OCM practices (n = 186) or propensity-matched comparison practices (n = 534). For bone supportive medications, we evaluated use of bisphosphonates and/or denosumab in beneficiaries with bone metastases from breast, lung, or prostate cancer. For anti-emetic drugs, we evaluated prophylactic use of neurokinin-1 (NK1) antagonists and long-acting (LA) serotonin antagonists. For white blood cell growth factors (GCSFs), we evaluated prophylactic use in beneficiaries starting chemotherapy for breast, lung, or colorectal cancer; we separately evaluated use of biosimilar (vs originator) filgrastim. Analyses employed the difference-in-differences (DID) approach, excepting the filgrastim biosimilar analysis where we assessed the adoption trend. Results: There was no OCM impact on receipt of any bone supportive medication (denosumab or bisphosphonate) among beneficiaries with bone metastases; however, OCM led to a relative decrease in use of denosumab for breast cancer (DID = -5.0 percentage points [90% CI -7.1, -2.8]), prostate cancer (-4.0 percentage points [90% CI -5.9, -2.2]), and lung cancer (-4.1 percentage points [90% CI -7.4, -0.9]). In beneficiaries starting chemotherapy regimens with high or moderate emetic risk, OCM led to reductions in prophylactic use of NK1 antagonists and LA serotonin antagonists (e.g. 6.0 percentage point reduction in use of NK1 antagonists during high emetic risk chemotherapy [90% CI -9.0, -3.1]); there was no impact on antiemetic use during low emetic risk chemotherapy. There was no OCM impact on use of prophylactic WBC growth factors among beneficiaries receiving chemotherapy with high risk for febrile neutropenia (FN). Among beneficiaries receiving chemotherapy with intermediate risk for FN, OCM led to a 7.6 percentage point reduction in prophylactic GCSF use for patients with breast cancer (90% CI -12.6, -2.7); however, there was no OCM impact on prophylactic GCSF use in patients with lung or colorectal cancer. Among beneficiaries receiving filgrastim, OCM led to faster adoption of biosimilar vs. originator filgrastim (differential trend estimate 2.6%, 90% CI 1.0, 4.4). Conclusions: OCM led to reduced use of some high cost supportive care medications, with patterns suggesting more value-conscious care. Alternative payment models have potential to drive value-based changes in medication use during cancer care.

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