Choosing between hotels: impact of bimodal rating summary statistics and maximizing behavioral tendency

Abstract Rating summary statistics are basic aggregations that reflect users’ assessments of experienced products and services in numerical form. Thus far, scholars primarily investigated textual reviews, but dedicated considerably less time and effort exploring the potential impact of plain rating summary statistics on people’s choice behavior. Notwithstanding their fundamental nature, however, rating summary statistics also are relevant to electronic commerce in general, and to e-tourism in particular. In this work, we attempted to fill this void, by exploring the effects of different types of rating attributes (the mean rating value, the overall number of ratings, and the bimodality of rating distributions) on hotel choice behavior. We also investigated whether individual differences in the cause of people’s maximizing behavioral tendency moderated the effect of rating summary statistics on hotel choice behavior. Results of an eye-tracked conjoint experiment show that people’s high or low on decision difficulty as the cause of maximization determined whether and how rating summary statistics have an impact on the choice between hotels. Implications for the tourism and hospitality domain are addressed.

Download Full-text

Extracting summary statistics of rapid numerical sequences

10.31234/osf.io/6scav ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David Mitrani Rosenbaum ◽

Moshe Glickman ◽

Marius Usher

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Individual Differences ◽

Sequence Length ◽

Summary Statistics ◽

Rule Based ◽

Relative Variance ◽

Holistic Strategy ◽

Holistic Process ◽

The Mean ◽

Selection For

We examine the ability of observers to extract summary statistics (such as the mean and the relative-variance) from rapid numerical sequences (two digit numbers presented at a rate of 4/sec). In four experiments, we find that the participants show a remarkable ability to extract such summary statistics and that their precision in the estimation of the sequence-mean improves with the sequence-length (subject to individual differences). Using model selection for individual participants we find that, when they only estimate the sequence average, most participants rely on a holistic process of frequency based estimation and there is a minority who rely on a rule-based and capacity limited mid-range strategy. When both the sequence-average and the relative variance is estimated about half of the participants rely on these two strategies. Importantly, the holistic strategy appears more efficient in terms of its precision. We discuss implications for the domains of two pathways numerical processes and decision-making.

Download Full-text

Extracting Summary Statistics of Rapid Numerical Sequences

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.693575 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

David Rosenbaum ◽

Moshe Glickman ◽

Marius Usher

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Individual Differences ◽

Sequence Length ◽

Summary Statistics ◽

Rule Based ◽

Relative Variance ◽

Holistic Strategy ◽

Holistic Process ◽

The Mean ◽

Selection For

We examine the ability of observers to extract summary statistics (such as the mean and the relative-variance) from rapid numerical sequences of two digit numbers presented at a rate of 4/s. In four experiments (total N = 100), we find that the participants show a remarkable ability to extract such summary statistics and that their precision in the estimation of the sequence-mean improves with the sequence-length (subject to individual differences). Using model selection for individual participants we find that, when only the sequence-average is estimated, most participants rely on a holistic process of frequency based estimation with a minority who rely on a (rule-based and capacity limited) mid-range strategy. When both the sequence-average and the relative variance are estimated, about half of the participants rely on these two strategies. Importantly, the holistic strategy appears more efficient in terms of its precision. We discuss implications for the domains of two pathways numerical processing and decision-making.

Download Full-text

Is There a Common Summary Statistical Process for Representing the Mean and Variance? A Study Using Illustrations of Familiar Items

i-Perception ◽

10.1177/2041669517747297 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 204166951774729 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Yi Yang ◽

Midori Tokita ◽

Akira Ishiguchi

Keyword(s):

Common Mechanism ◽

Summary Statistics ◽

Summary Statistic ◽

Statistical Process ◽

Subject Design ◽

Different Types ◽

Mean And Variance ◽

The Mean ◽

The Relationship ◽

Statistical Summary

A number of studies revealed that our visual system can extract different types of summary statistics, such as the mean and variance, from sets of items. Although the extraction of such summary statistics has been studied well in isolation, the relationship between these statistics remains unclear. In this study, we explored this issue using an individual differences approach. Observers viewed illustrations of strawberries and lollypops varying in size or orientation and performed four tasks in a within-subject design, namely mean and variance discrimination tasks with size and orientation domains. We found that the performances in the mean and variance discrimination tasks were not correlated with each other and demonstrated that extractions of the mean and variance are mediated by different representation mechanisms. In addition, we tested the relationship between performances in size and orientation domains for each summary statistic (i.e. mean and variance) and examined whether each summary statistic has distinct processes across perceptual domains. The results illustrated that statistical summary representations of size and orientation may share a common mechanism for representing the mean and possibly for representing variance. Introspections for each observer performing the tasks were also examined and discussed.

Download Full-text

Incidence and Characteristics of Retinoblastoma in Poland: The First Nationwide Study 2010–2017

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18126539 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (12) ◽

pp. 6539

Author(s):

Michał S. Nowak ◽

Bożena Romanowska-Dixon ◽

Iwona Grabska-Liberek ◽

Michał Żurek

Keyword(s):

Western Europe ◽

External Beam Radiotherapy ◽

Cohort Analysis ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Live Births ◽

Focal Treatment ◽

Different Types ◽

The Mean ◽

Birth Cohort Analysis

Background: The present study aimed to investigate the incidence and characteristics of retinoblastoma in the overall population of Poland. Methods: The retrospective survey of both National Health Fund (NHF) and National Cancer Registry (NCR) databases were performed to identify all retinoblastoma cases in Poland in the years 2010–2017. Results: During 2010–2017, the mean age-standardised incidence of retinoblastoma (the unit of incidence is per 1,000,000 person-years) was 10.15 (95% CI 7.23–13.08) among children aged 0 to 4 years and 5.39 (95% CI 4.18–6.60) in those aged 0 to 9 years. During 2010–2014 (to allow 5 years of follow-up), the mean incidence of retinoblastoma by birth cohort analysis in Poland was 4.89 (95% CI 4.04–5.74) per 100,000 live births, corresponding to an incidence of 1 per 20,561 (95% CI 15,855–25,267) live births. In Poland, 14.6% of children with retinoblastoma had enucleation of the eye globe, 76.8% received different types of chemotherapy combined with focal treatment, 5.9% were treated with external beam radiotherapy, and 2.7% were treated with focal treatments only. Conclusions: The incidence of retinoblastoma and the pattern of medical management of retinoblastoma in Poland was similar to that reported in developed countries in Western Europe, Asia, and North America.

Download Full-text

Does Every Calculation Formula Fit for All Types of Intraocular Lenses? Optimization of Constants for Tecnis ZA9003 and ZCB00 Is Necessary

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina57040319 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (4) ◽

pp. 319

Author(s):

Ivajlo Popov ◽

Veronika Popova ◽

Juraj Sekac ◽

Vladimir Krasnik

Keyword(s):

Prediction Error ◽

Poor Performance ◽

Intraocular Lenses ◽

Power Calculation ◽

Universal Formula ◽

Aspheric Iol ◽

Different Types ◽

The Mean ◽

Clinically Significant ◽

Mean Prediction Error

Background and Objectives: To evaluate the performance of intraocular lenses (IOLs) using power calculation formulas on different types of IOL. Materials and Methods: 120 eyes and four IOL types (BioLine Yellow Accurate Aspheric IOL (i-Medical), TECNIS ZCB00, TECNIS ZA9003 (Johnson & Johnson) (3-piece IOL) and Softec HD (Lenstec)) were analyzed. The performance of Haigis, Barret Universal II and SKR-II formulas were compared between IOL types. The mean prediction error (ME) and mean absolute prediction error (MAE) were analyzed. Results: The overall percentage of eyes predicted within ±0.25 diopters (D) was 40.8% for Barret; 39.2% Haigis and 31.7% for SRK-II. Barret and Haigis had a significantly lower MAE than SRK-II (p < 0.05). The results differed among IOL types. The largest portion of eyes predicted within ±0.25 D was with the Barret formula in ZCB00 (33.3%) and ZA9003 (43.3%). Haigis was the most accurate in Softec HD (50%) and SRK-II in Biolline Yellow IOL (50%). ZCB00 showed a clinically significant hypermetropic ME compared to other IOLs. Conclusions: In general, Barret formulas had the best performance as a universal formula. However, the formula should be chosen according to the type of IOL in order to obtain the best results. Constant optimizations are necessary for the Tecnis IOL ZCB00 and ZA9003, as all of the analyzed formulas achieved a clinically significant poor performance in this type of IOL. ZCB00 also showed a hypermetropic shift in ME in all the formulas.

Download Full-text

Disability in Schizophrenic Disorders

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70442-0 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 24 (S1) ◽

pp. 1-1

Author(s):

J. Wancata ◽

M. Freidl ◽

F. Friedrich ◽

T. Matschnig ◽

A. Unger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hospital Admissions ◽

Social Consequences ◽

Subjective Burden ◽

Social Contacts ◽

Mothers And Fathers ◽

Duration Of Illness ◽

The Family ◽

Different Types ◽

Icd 10 ◽

The Mean

Aims:The purpose of this study was to investigate disability among patients suffering from schizophrenia and to identify predictors of disability.Methods:101 patients from different types of psychiatric services in Vienna and diagnosed with schizophrenia according to ICD-10 were included. They were investigates by means of 36-Item self-administered version of the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule II (WHO-DAS-II) and the PANSS-scale. Patients’ mothers and fathers were asked to fill in the Family Problem Questionnaire.Results:The mean total score of the WHO-DAS-II was 74.1 (SD 21.9). When using weighted sub-scores the highest disability scores were found for social contacts, participation in society and household (means 2.58, 2.57 and 2.51 respectively). Using logistic regression, overall disability was positively associated with patient's age, overall severity of symptoms (PANSS) and number of previous hospital admissions. Overall disability was not associated with duration of illness and or patient's gender. The subjective burden experienced by patients’ fathers and mothers were increased by reduced social contacts and impaired participation in society, while we could not find an association with other domains of patient's disability (understanding, mobility, self-care, household).Conclusions:This study shows that schizophrenia results in disability in several domains. Family caregivers’ burden was predominantly increased by social consequences of schizophrenia.

Download Full-text

OBSERVATIONS INDICATING A SEX CYCLE IN THE MALE RABBIT

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0460597 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 46 (4) ◽

pp. 597-607 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Jan Erik Kihlström ◽

Otto Hornstein

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Mucous Membrane ◽

Immature Stage ◽

Male Urethra ◽

Male Rabbit ◽

Exfoliated Cells ◽

Different Types ◽

The Mean ◽

Male Sex ◽

Sex Cycle

ABSTRACT Recently some physiological characteristics of a sex cycle in male animals have been demonstrated. However, nothing is known at present about any morphological expressions of this cycle, and particularly about any rhythmical variation in exfoliation of cells comparable with that of the vaginal mucous membrane. On the assumption that such a rhythm may occur in the male urethra, the exfoliation of cells in this organ has been studied by taking daily smears. Cyclically varying frequencies of four different types of exfoliated cells, mainly in an immature stage, were demonstrated. Only a fifth type of cells, characterized by cornification and nuclear degeneration, is not subjected to such rhythmical variation. The mean duration of these cycles is about four days. Simultaneous investigations on the seminal volume and body temperature showed some relation to the cycle of cell desquamation. The results give additional evidence for the existence of a male sex cycle, probably with a hormonal background.

Download Full-text

Analyzing Individual Differences in Intervention-Related Changes

Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science ◽

10.1177/2515245920979172 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 251524592097917

Author(s):

Tanja Könen ◽

Julia Karbach

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Measurement Invariance ◽

Educational Psychology ◽

Intervention Studies ◽

Regression To The Mean ◽

Short Introduction ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Occupational Psychology ◽

Average Group ◽

The Mean

Intervention studies can be expensive and time-consuming, which is why it is important to extract as much knowledge as possible. We discuss benefits and limitations of analyzing individual differences in intervention studies in addition to traditional analyses of average group effects. First, we present a short introduction to latent change modeling and measurement invariance in the context of intervention studies. Then, we give an overview on options for analyzing individual differences in intervention-related changes with a focus on how substantive information can be distinguished from methodological artifacts (e.g., regression to the mean). The main topics are benefits and limitations of predicting changes with baseline data and of analyzing correlated change. Both approaches can offer descriptive correlational information about individuals in interventions, which can inform future variations of experimental conditions. Applications increasingly emerge in the literature—from clinical, developmental, and educational psychology to occupational psychology—and demonstrate their potential across all of psychology.

Download Full-text

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN QUALITY OF SLEEPAND OTHER PARAMETERS IN PATIENTS WITH GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.

10.36106/ijsr/7818886 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 25-27

Author(s):

Umesh kr. Mishra ◽

Sunita Tiwari ◽

Sumit Rungta ◽

Pooja Mishra ◽

Gulam Akhtar

Keyword(s):

Sleep Disorders ◽

Quality Of Sleep ◽

Night Time ◽

Rem Latency ◽

The Mean ◽

Potential Impact ◽

Nocturnal Polysomnography ◽

The Impact ◽

Gerd Symptoms

Background: Night time reux has been shown to be associated with fragmented sleep. However, few studies have assessed the quality of sleep on gastroesophageal reux and the impact of gastroesophageal reux on reported quality of sleep and quality of sleep on gastroesophageal reux. The aims of this study were to evaluate the quality of sleep and other parameters in patients with gastroesophageal reux disease.50 Subjects with typical GERD symptoms ≥3 times a week and All subjects were administered 3 questionnaires: PSQI , ESS, GERD-HRQL . All the subjects underwent nocturnal polysomnography and completed a all 3 questionnaire before NPSG. Results: Overall ,the mean percentage of N1 was 9.10±9.74 ,N2 was 83.97±13.81 , N3 was 3.44±4.16 , N4 was 0.60±2.04 , REM was 2.14±3.79 , PSQI was 12.48±1.23 , ESS was 11.80±0.76 , TST (hr) was 5.19±0.74 , SPT(hr) was 6.58±0.77 , sleep efciency(%) was 52.50±27.16 , Latency (mint) was 22.79±30.85 , REM Latency (mints) was 96.99±151.86 ,and Microarousal index was 36.05±25.93 . To assess the potential impact of sleep quality via nocturnal polysomnography on severity of gastroesophageal reux , we performed correlations between the GERD questionnaire and nocturnal polysomnography reports . We observed that PSQI(r= -0.285, p<0.045) , ESS(r=0.206, p=0.05) , N1(r=0.202 , p>0.160) , N2(r=- 0.045 ,p>0.758) , N3(r=-0.079, p>0.583) , N4(r-0.209 ,p>0.145),REM(r=0.045 ,p>0.756) , TST(r=0.036 ,p>0.803), SPT(r=0.015,p>0.917) , Sleep Efciency (r=-0.113,p>0.435) , Sleep Latency (r=-0.045 ,p>0.756), REM Latency (r=0.165, p >0.253), Microarousal index (r=0.058 , p>0.683). Conclusions: Gastroesophageal reux disease and sleep disorders are extremely prevalent conditions, and it seems intuitive that there must be some overlap between the two. Sleep disorders may in fact be one of the most prevalent of the extraesophageal complications of GERD and often goes unrecognized.

Download Full-text

Climate change and the occurrence of downy mildew in Brazilian grapevines

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2017000600006 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 52 (6) ◽

pp. 426-434 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Francislene Angelotti ◽

Emília Hamada ◽

Edineide Elisa Magalhães ◽

Raquel Ghini ◽

Lucas da Ressureição Garrido ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Latent Period ◽

Downy Mildew ◽

Temporal Distribution ◽

Gas Emission ◽

Grapevine Downy Mildew ◽

Diseased Leaf Area ◽

The Mean ◽

Potential Impact ◽

Logic Functions

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential impact of climate change on the occurrence of grapevine downy mildew in Brazil. Seedlings containing four to six leaves were sprayed with a sporangia suspension containing 105 sporangia per milliliter. After spraying, the seedlings were subjected to temperatures of 26, 28, 29.1, 30.4, and 31.8°C for 24 hours. The percentage of diseased leaf area and the latent period were evaluated. Maps of the geographic and temporal distribution of the disease were made considering the monthly average of the mean air temperature and leaf wetness duration for the reference climate or climate normal (1961-1990) and the future climates (2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100), considering the A2 and B1 gas emission scenarios, designed by the Intergovernamental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Favorability ranges were set and used in logic functions of the geografical information system (GIS) to generate monthly maps for grapevine downy mildew. Rising temperatures interfered with the grapevine downy mildew infections, reduced the disease severity, and increased the latent period. Future climate scenarios indicate a reduction of favorability of downy mildew in Brazil, with variability in the different grape producing regions.

Download Full-text