scholarly journals Transparency or restricting gifts? Polish medical students’ opinions about regulating relationships with pharmaceutical sales representatives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Makowska ◽  
Emilia Kaczmarek ◽  
Marcin Rodzinka
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Sales Representatives ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Pharmaceutical Sales ◽  
The Public ◽  
Interview Method ◽  
Bioethical Debate

AbstractRelationships between physicians and pharmaceutical sales representatives (PSRs) often create conflicts of interest, not least because of the various benefits received by physicians. Many countries attempt to control pharmaceutical industry marketing strategies through legal regulation, and this is true in Poland where efforts are underway to eliminate any practices that might be considered corrupt in medicine. The present research considered Polish medical students’ opinions about domestic laws restricting doctors’ acceptance of expensive gifts from the industry, the idea of compulsory transparency, and the possibility of introducing a Polish Sunshine Law. A qualitative, focus group-based, interview method was used. Data were gathered from nine focus groups involving 92 medical students from three universities located in major Polish cities. The article presents a classification of opposing student views with regard to the consequences of introducing different legal solutions; this should be useful for policy makers deliberating on how to optimally regulate pharmaceutical marketing. The study’s results are discussed in the context of the public bioethical debate in Poland.

scholarly journals When is a fish stock collapsed?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Yletyinen ◽  
WE Butler ◽  
G Ottersen ◽  
KH Andersen ◽  
S Bonanomi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
The State ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Fish Stock ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
The Public ◽  
Population Turnover

AbstractMarine fish stock collapses are a major concern for scientists and society due to the potentially severe impacts on ecosystem resilience, food security and livelihoods. Yet the general state of harvested fish populations has proven difficult to summarize, and the actual occurrence rate of stock collapses remains unclear. We have carried out a literature review and multi-stock analysis to show that numerous definitions exist for classifying stocks as collapsed, and that the classification of a stock’s status is sensitive to changes in the collapse definition’s formulation. We suggest that the lack of a unified definition has contributed to contrasting perceptions on the state of fish stocks. Therefore, we comprehensively define what constitutes a fish stock collapse and provide a time-series based method for collapse detection. Unlike existing definitions, our definition is process-based, because it links together three important phases of collapse events: the abrupt decline, an ensuing period of prolonged depletion, and potential recovery. Furthermore, these phases are specified in terms of population turnover. Through systematic evaluation, our definition can accurately distinguish collapses from less severe depletions or natural fluctuations for stocks with diverse life histories, helping identify the stocks in greatest need of reparatory measures. Our study advocates the consistent use of definitions to limit both alarmist and conservative narratives on the state of fish stocks, and to promote cooperation between conservation and fisheries scientists. This will facilitate clear and accurate communication of science to both the public and to policy-makers to ensure healthy fish stocks in the future.

scholarly journals On interaction between prosecutors and specialists in the exercise of powers to detect violations of laws outside the criminal law sphere

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Darina Viktorovna Kocheva
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Right

The subject of this research is the public relations established in exercising of such a power by the prosecutor on detection of violations of laws outside the criminal law sphere as the right to demand from the policy makers and other officials “supervised” to the prosecutor's office the allocation of specialists. Findings of the experts in the material form are in demand among the law enforcement officers in different spheres of social life, including due to their evidentiary potential. The relevance of this research is defined by the fact that the scholars and practicing legal experts have accumulated a range of questions to the legal status of a specialist in the Russian legislation, which also pertains to the prosecutor's activity. The novelty consists in the author’s substantiation of the need to improve legal regulation of the corresponding legal relations based on comparison of the norms that regulate the mechanism of cooperation between specialists and prosecutors in supervision by the latter of compliance with laws, rights and freedoms of human and citizens, analysis of theoretical groundwork on the topic, and personal practical experience in the prosecutor's office. The article reveals the gaps in the existing legal regulation. This work may be valuable for the practitioners of the prosecutor's office, as well as bodies “supervised” to the prosecutor's office, scholars in the area of prosecutor's activity, legal experts, students, and postgraduates.

scholarly journals Effect of Promotional Literature on the Prescribing Habits of Practitioners

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1104
Author(s):  
Majid Farooq ◽  
Ridhima Goel Goel ◽  
Manoj Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Shareholder Value ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Sales Representatives ◽  
Pharmaceutical Sales ◽  
Prescribing Habits ◽  
The Public

Pharmaceutical companies are the manufacturing units of drugs, with established conformity for dispersal into the public. To increase their sales and hence, their shareholder value, these corporations need to make their product have earmarks of a better formulation than those already available and stand out from their adversaries. This is achieved with the help of rigorous promotion of the drug to the prescribers. Medical Representatives (MRs) or Pharmaceutical Sales Representatives (PSRs) advertise to the doctors with the help of eye catching visual presentation, citing various benefits and advantages. These presentations are accompanied by leave-behind brochures, pamphlets, drug guides, drug samples etc. for the doctor to read, and are consistently full of points featuring the promoted drug as an advancement with better effectiveness, supported with various research works, colorful pictures, graphs and diagrams that make a physician take notice of the advertised drug. This raises the question of the ability of a GP to critically appraise the information presented to him/her and segregate the fact from fraud. Too often aid is tied to the trade, and any practicing physician should be aware of the tricks being played on him/her and be able to wring the quality of the information presented from the vast quantity of information and assess it for its accuracy.

scholarly journals Perceptions and Attitudes of Egyptian Health Professionals and Policy-Makers towards Pharmaceutical Sales Representatives and Other Promotional Activities

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e0140457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Kamal ◽  
Christine Holmberg ◽  
Jean Russell ◽  
Tomasz Bochenek ◽  
Beata Tobiasz-Adamczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Professionals ◽  
Sales Representatives ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Pharmaceutical Sales ◽  
Perceptions And Attitudes

scholarly journals [Attitudes of general practitioners to pharmaceutical sales representatives in Sousse]

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 1075-1083
Author(s):  
A. Ben Abdel Aziz ◽  
I. Harrabi ◽  
S. Rahmani ◽  
A. Ghedira ◽  
K. Gaha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Sales Representatives ◽  
Pharmaceutical Sales ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
The Public ◽  
Rational Use Of Medicines ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire ◽  
Source Of Information

The therapeutic knowledge of physicians is the corner stone to the rational use of medicines; however information about medicines is generally obtained from the pharmaceutical industry via their sales representatives [reps]. We aimed to identify general practitioners’ [GPs] attitudes to pharmaceutical reps and the information they provide. We surveyed 140 GPs using a self-administered questionnaire. The response rate was 78% [72 GPs from the public sector and 68 from the private sector]. About 10% of the GPs said they received daily visits from pharmaceutical reps; 84% of GPs considered them an efficient source of information and 31% said they might change their therapeutic prescribing following visits from these reps. Because of their positive perception of pharmaceutical reps, GPs are susceptible to the information they provide. Controlling the validity of the therapeutic information imparted by the pharmaceutical industry is thus a fundamental component of the programme for the rational use of medicines

scholarly journals Prospects for developing the legal regulation of digital platforms

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Anatolyevna Kirillova ◽  
Teymur El'darovich Zulfugarzade ◽  
Oleg Evgenyevich Blinkov ◽  
Olga Aleksandrovna Serova ◽  
Irina Aleksandrovna Mikhaylova
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Business And Society ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
The Public ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

The study considers the prospects for the legal regulation of public and private digital platforms. Digital platforms have replaced linear businesses and changed economic principles. The transition to digital technologies in the economy, business, and society substantiates the need for their legal regulation. The study aims at considering the legal status of public and private digital platforms, developing a new conceptual framework, determining the key features of digital platforms, and analyzing the prospects for developing legal regulation in this area. The paper compared management contexts in the public and commercial sectors. With the help of the generalization method, criteria for a new classification of digital platforms were proposed. The article used such methods as analysis, synthesis, deduction, and induction. The study represents a new definition of digital platforms, classifies them, and concludes that the introduction of special regulation of public and private digital platforms might require preliminary approbation, for example, in the form of an experimental legal regime. To ensure the comprehensive regulation of the activities of digital platforms, it is necessary to adopt international concepts that would allow creating uniform terms and principles. At the same time, regulation should consider the specifics of the existing regulation. On the one hand, it will be based on the dispositive method; on the other hand, it will be built over the imperative method.

The Impact of the Public Expenditure Cuts Policy on the Labor Market in Vietnam

2012 ◽  
pp. 22-46
Author(s):  
Huong Nguyen Thi Lan ◽  
Toan Pham Ngoc
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Impact Evaluation ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium Model ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of public expenditure cuts on employment and income to support policies for the development of the labor mar- ket. Impact evaluation is of interest for policy makers as well as researchers. This paper presents a method – that is based on a Computable General Equilibrium model – to analyse the impact of the public expenditure cuts policy on employment and income in industries and occupations in Vietnam using macro data, the Input output table, 2006, 2008 and the 2010 Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey.

The Noise Abatement Campaign in Industrializing Japan, 1923–37

Resonance ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-327
Author(s):  
Shuhei Hosokawa
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Public Realm ◽  
Political Responsibility ◽  
Noise Abatement ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Causal Responsibility ◽  
Kanto Earthquake ◽  
Definition Of

Drawing on Karin Bijsterveld’s triple definition of noise as ownership, political responsibility, and causal responsibility, this article traces how modern Japan problematized noise, and how noise represented both the aspirational discourse of Western civilization and the experiential nuisance accompanying rapid changes in living conditions in 1920s Japan. Primarily based on newspaper archives, the analysis will approach the problematic of noise as it was manifested in different ways in the public and private realms. In the public realm, the mid-1920s marked a turning point due to the reconstruction work after the Great Kantô Earthquake (1923) and the spread of the use of radios, phonographs, and loudspeakers. Within a few years, public opinion against noise had been formed by a coalition of journalists, police, the judiciary, engineers, academics, and municipal officials. This section will also address the legal regulation of noise and its failure; because public opinion was “owned” by middle-class (sub)urbanites, factory noises in downtown areas were hardly included in noise abatement discourse. Around 1930, the sounds of radios became a social problem, but the police and the courts hesitated to intervene in a “private” conflict, partly because they valued radio as a tool for encouraging nationalist mobilization and transmitting announcements from above. In sum, this article investigates the diverse contexts in which noise was perceived and interpreted as such, as noise became an integral part of modern life in early 20th-century Japan.

Penguatan Wilayah Perbatasan: Studi Kasus Pulau Sebatik Kabupaten Nunukan Provinsi Kalimantan Timur

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Baskoro Wicaksono
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
Border Policy

This study describes the border management policy conducted by the central government, provinceof East Kalimantan and Nunukan. Policies such as the establishment of regulatory, institutionalstrengthening, programs and infrastructure development. The policy is getting good responsefrom the elite and the masses. On the other hand policy makers have expectations of localcommunities border synergism Sebatik Island in order to build and develop the border areas so asto break the chain of dependence on Malaysia. The research was conducted in Sebatik Island,East Kalimantan province Nunukan with the formulation of the problem (a) what policies areoriented to maintain borders, (b) How is the public response to government policy, (c) What areyour expectations of policy makers in local communities to regional border. This study usedqualitative methods to phenomenological research strategy. Techniques of data collection in thisstudy using two ways, namely in-depth interviews and secondary data view Results indicate thatthe existing policy of both the central and provincial to district borders do not solve the problembecause it is made on the island of Sebatik with other border regions. The policy does not includelocal knowledge, where it is desperately needed by the people Sebatik. In addition to policies onprograms and infrastructure development of the center, the district adopted a policy of inactionagainst the illegal cross-border trade, which on the one hand against the rules but if enforced thenpeople can not perform economic activities that impact well-being. Policies like this gets a positiveresponse from the public. Expectations for the future border policy is to load local content orlocal knowledge.Keyword: border policy, local knowledge, dependent relationship

Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam Proses Kebijakan Daerah

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-177
Author(s):  
Abdullah Manshur
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Public Participation ◽  
Policy Evaluation ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Problem Situation ◽  
Policy Cycle ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
Policy Making Process

Public policy is a decision to deal with a particular problem situation, that identifies the objectives, principles, ways, and means to achieve them. The ability and understanding of policy makers in the policy-making process is very important for the realization of public policy of rapid, accurate and adequate. The product to suit the needs of the public policy, public participation in the policy process is needed in the policy cycle, from policy formulation to policy evaluation. This paper attempts to review the importance of community participation and other forms of public participation in the policy process, in particular, policy areas.

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