Antibodies to normal and Alzheimer human brain structures from non-immunised mice of various ages

Abstract Background With the high spatial resolution and the potential to reach deep brain structures, ultrasound-based brain stimulation techniques offer new opportunities to non-invasively treat neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, little is known about long-term effects of ultrasound-based brain stimulation. Applying a longitudinal design, we comprehensively investigated neuromodulation induced by ultrasound brain stimulation to provide first sham-controlled evidence of long-term effects on the human brain and behavior. Methods Twelve healthy participants received three sham and three verum sessions with transcranial pulse stimulation (TPS) focused on the cortical somatosensory representation of the right hand. One week before and after the sham and verum TPS applications, comprehensive structural and functional resting state MRI investigations and behavioral tests targeting tactile spatial discrimination and sensorimotor dexterity were performed. Results Compared to sham, global efficiency significantly increased within the cortical sensorimotor network after verum TPS, indicating an upregulation of the stimulated functional brain network. Axial diffusivity in left sensorimotor areas decreased after verum TPS, demonstrating an improved axonal status in the stimulated area. Conclusions TPS increased the functional and structural coupling within the stimulated left primary somatosensory cortex and adjacent sensorimotor areas up to one week after the last stimulation. These findings suggest that TPS induces neuroplastic changes that go beyond the spatial and temporal stimulation settings encouraging further clinical applications.

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Cellular resolution anatomical and molecular atlases for prenatal human brains

10.1101/2021.07.14.452297 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Song-Lin Ding ◽

Joshua J. Royall ◽

Phil Lesnar ◽

Benjamin A.C. Facer ◽

Kimberly A. Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Brain ◽

Hippocampal Formation ◽

Marker Gene ◽

Brain Structures ◽

Marker Genes ◽

Subcortical Structures ◽

Cellular Resolution ◽

Reliable Marker ◽

Human Brains ◽

Developmental Features

Increasing interest in studies of prenatal human brain development, particularly using new single-cell genomics and anatomical technologies to create cell atlases, creates a strong need for accurate and detailed anatomical reference atlases. In this study, we present two cellular-resolution digital anatomical atlases for prenatal human brain at post-conceptional weeks (PCW) 15 and 21. Both atlases were annotated on sequential Nissl-stained sections covering brain-wide structures on the basis of combined analysis of cytoarchitecture, acetylcholinesterase staining and an extensive marker gene expression dataset. This high information content dataset allowed reliable and accurate demarcation of developing cortical and subcortical structures and their subdivisions. Furthermore, using the anatomical atlases as a guide, spatial expression of 37 and 5 genes from the brains respectively at PCW 15 and 21 was annotated, illustrating reliable marker genes for many developing brain structures. Finally, the present study uncovered several novel developmental features, such as the lack of an outer subventricular zone in the hippocampal formation and entorhinal cortex, and the apparent extension of both cortical (excitatory) and subcortical (inhibitory) progenitors into the prenatal olfactory bulb. These comprehensive atlases provide useful tools for visualization, targeting, imaging and interpretation of brain structures of prenatal human brain, and for guiding and interpreting the next generation of cell census and connectome studies.

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Volitional Control of Individual Neurons in the Human Brain

10.1101/2020.05.05.079038 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kramay Patel ◽

Chaim N. Katz ◽

Suneil K. Kalia ◽

Milos R. Popovic ◽

Taufik A. Valiante

Keyword(s):

Human Brain ◽

Firing Rate ◽

Phase Locking ◽

Brain Structures ◽

Human Memory ◽

Skill Learning ◽

Oscillation Phase ◽

Improved Performance ◽

Beta Frequency ◽

Interconnected Structure

AbstractCan the human brain, a complex interconnected structure of over 80 billion neurons learn to control itself at the most elemental scale – a single neuron. We directly linked the firing rate of a single (direct) neuron to the position of a box on a screen, which participants tried to control. Remarkably, all subjects upregulated the firing rate of the direct neuron in memory structures of their brain. Learning was accompanied by improved performance over trials, simultaneous decorrelation of the direct neuron to local neurons, and direct neuron to beta frequency oscillation phase-locking. Such previously unexplored neuroprosthetic skill learning within memory related brain structures, and associated beta frequency phase-locking implicates the ventral striatum. Our demonstration that humans can volitionally control neuronal activity in mnemonic structures, may provide new ways of probing the function and plasticity of human memory without exogenous stimulation.

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Morphological Studies on Brain Structures of the NZB Mouse: An Animal Model for the Aging Human Brain?

Advances in Applied Neurological Sciences - Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type ◽

10.1007/978-3-642-70644-8_29 ◽

1985 ◽

pp. 355-365 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

K. Zilles

Keyword(s):

Animal Model ◽

Human Brain ◽

Brain Structures ◽

Morphological Studies

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Mind and Matter

Mind Shift ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198801634.003.0002 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 19-31

Author(s):

John Parrington

Keyword(s):

Human Brain ◽

Rene Descartes ◽

Brain Structures ◽

Human Mind ◽

Black Box ◽

Human Consciousness ◽

Common Thread ◽

René Descartes

This chapter discusses different views on the basis of human consciousness. A major problem with much popular speculation about the biological roots of consciousness is that those who advocate a gene-based view of consciousness often appear to have little understanding of modern genetics, while speculation about how brain structures shape that consciousness often bear little resemblance to emerging knowledge about the complexity of an actual human brain. There is a common thread here, which is that idealised genes and brains have been substituted for real ones. Unfortunately, because of this tendency, it is not clear how much we have really advanced forwards from René Descartes and his belief that the human mind was an unknowable entity, or for that matter, the behaviourists with their view that the human mind could be treated as a black box. In contrast, to understand human consciousness, there is a need to understand real genes, real brains, and how these have evolved in humans compared to other species.

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Realistic modeling of ephaptic fields in the human brain

10.1101/688101 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Giulio Ruffini ◽

Ricardo Salvador ◽

Ehsan Tadayon ◽

Roser Sanchez-Todo ◽

Alvaro Pascual-Leone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Brain ◽

Electric Fields ◽

Neuronal Activity ◽

Direct Interaction ◽

Pyramidal Cells ◽

Brain Structures ◽

Relative Orientation ◽

Transcranial Brain Stimulation ◽

Potential Perturbation ◽

Human Function

AbstractSeveral decades of research suggest that weak electric fields may influence neural processing, including those induced by neuronal activity and recently proposed as substrate for a potential new cellular communication system, i.e., ephaptic transmission. Here we aim to map ephaptic activity in the human brain and explore its trajectory during aging by characterizing the macroscopic electric field generated by cortical dipoles using realistic finite element modeling. We find that modeled endogenous field magnitudes are comparable to those in measurements of weak but functionally relevant endogenous fields and to those generated by noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation, therefore possibly able to modulate neuronal activity. Then, to evaluate the role of self-generated ephaptic fields in the human cortex, we adapt an interaction approximation that considers the relative orientation of neuron and field to derive the membrane potential perturbation in pyramidal cells. Building on this, we define a simplified metric (EMOD1) that weights dipole coupling as a function of distance and relative orientation between emitter and receiver and evaluate it in a sample of 401 realistic human brain models from subjects aged 16-83. Results reveal that ephaptic modulation follows gyrification patterns in the human brain, and significantly decreases with age, with higher involvement of sensorimotor regions and medial brain structures. By providing the means for fast and direct interaction between neurons, ephaptic modulation likely contributes to the complexity of human function for cognition and behavior, and its modification across the lifespan and in response to pathology.

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New chemical biopsy tool for spatially resolved profiling of human brain tissue in vivo

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-98973-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Joanna Bogusiewicz ◽

Katarzyna Burlikowska ◽

Kamil Łuczykowski ◽

Karol Jaroch ◽

Marcin Birski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Brain ◽

Grey Matter ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Brain Structures ◽

Limited Information ◽

Human Brain Tissue ◽

Sampling Device ◽

Spatially Resolved

AbstractIt is extremely challenging to perform chemical analyses of the brain, particularly in humans, due to the restricted access to this organ. Imaging techniques are the primary approach used in clinical practice, but they only provide limited information about brain chemistry. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been presented recently as a chemical biopsy tool for the study of animal brains. The current work demonstrates for the first time the use of SPME for the spatially resolved sampling of the human brain in vivo. Specially designed multi-probe sampling device was used to simultaneously extract metabolites from the white and grey matter of patients undergoing brain tumor biopsies. Samples were collected by inserting the probes along the planned trajectory of the biopsy needle prior to the procedure, which was followed by metabolomic and lipidomic analyses. The results revealed that studied brain structures were predominantly composed of lipids, while the concentration and diversity of detected metabolites was higher in white than in grey matter. Although the small number of participants in this research precluded conclusions of a biological nature, the results highlight the advantages of the proposed SPME approach, as well as disadvantages that should be addressed in future studies.

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ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SELECTED SEGMENTATION METHODS OF ANATOMICAL BRAIN STRUCTURES

Informatyka Automatyka Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0012.0713 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 58-61 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Róża Dzierżak ◽

Magdalena Michalska

Keyword(s):

Human Brain ◽

Brain Structures ◽

Medical Diagnostics ◽

Two Dimensions ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Anatomical Structures ◽

Segmentation Methods ◽

Areas Of Interest ◽

Region Growth

An important aspect of analysis medical images is acknowledging the role of the segmentation process of individual anatomical structures. This process allows to show the most important diagnostic details. Owing to the segmentation the areas of interest (ROI) it is possible to adapt the methods of further image analysis considering the specification of selected elements. This process has been widely used in medical diagnostics. The article presents the use of segmentation by thresholding, segmentation by region growth and by edge detection to extract the parts of the human brain the user is interested in. The series of MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) images were used. The aim of the research was to develop the methods that would allow comparing the effectiveness various types of anatomical brain structures’ segmentation in two dimensions. The above methods present the different impact that selected types of segmentation, masks or parameters have on the most accurate depiction of a selected human brain element.

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Construction of Anatomical Structure Specific Developmental Dynamical Networks for Human Brain on multiple Omics Levels

Current Bioinformatics ◽

10.2174/1574893616666210331115659 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

Yingying Wang ◽

Yu Yang ◽

Jianfeng Liu ◽

Keshen Li

Keyword(s):

Human Brain ◽

Brain Development ◽

Brain Structures ◽

Developmental Time ◽

Anatomical Structure ◽

Dynamical Networks ◽

Anatomical Structures ◽

Developmental Networks ◽

Time Points ◽

Complex Processes

Background: Human brain development is a series of complex processes exhibiting profound changes from gestation to adulthood. Objective: We aimed to construct dynamic developmental networks for each anatomical structure of human brain based on omics’ levels in order to gain a new systematical brain map on molecular level. Method: We performed the brain development analyses by constructing dynamical networks between adjacent time points on different grouping levels of anatomical structures. The gene-time networks were first built to get the developing brain dynamical maps on transcriptome level. Then miRNA-mRNA networks and protein-protein networks were constructed by integrating the information from miRNomics and proteomics. The time and structure-specific biomarkers were filtered based on analyses of topological characters. Results: The most dramatical developmental time and structure were fetal-infancy and telencephalon, respectively. Cortex was the key developmental region in ‘late fetal and neonatal’ and ‘early infancy’. The development of temporal lobe was different from other lobes since the significant changes of molecules were found only in the comparison pair ‘early fetal-early mid-fetal’ and ‘adolescence-young adulthood’. Interestingly, the changes among different brain structures inside adolescence and adulthood were bigger than other time points. hsa-miR-548c-3p and H3C2 may be new brain developments indicators considering their key roles in networks. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this study is the first report of dynamical brain development maps for different anatomical structures on multiple omics’. The results provide a new sight of brain development in a systematical way which may provide a more accurate understanding of human brain.

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