Promotion of the establishment of Marine Parks and reserves in the Northern Indian Ocean including the Red Sea and Persian Gulf (Tehran, Iran, March 1975)

Marine Policy ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 86
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Northern Indian Ocean

Sea-trade in Early Times

Antiquity ◽  
1941 ◽  
Vol 15 (59) ◽  
pp. 233-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Hornell
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Eastern Desert ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Egyptian Desert ◽  
The Persian Gulf

The few indications that have come down to us of ancient sea-traffic between the countries lying around the shores of the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean are so fragmentary and obscure that it is extremely difficult to reconstruct any definite picture of their character and extent. In spite of this handicap study of the meagre evidence available compels the belief that movement by sea, although of a fluctuating character and confined for the most part to coastwise voyaging, was far more active and advanced in parts of this area in very early times than is generally realized. Had it been otherwise how could we interpret the signs graven on the rocks of the ravines of the Egyptian desert, and the transport by sea of great blocks of stone to Sumer in the time of Gudea of Lagash?The earliest evidence at present available comes from the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, though it does not follow that either area is the cradle of sea-faring. It consists of :—(A) innumerable prehistoric and predynastic petroglyphs of ships engraved upon the rocks of the eastern desert of Egypt, particularly those in the Wadi Hammamat region;(B) the discovery on Sumerian sites of diorite statues, stated specifically to have been brought by sea from foreign lands early in the third millennium B.C.;(c) the presence in the ruins of Ur, Kish, and Lagash of artifacts cut from the shell of the sacred Indian chank (Xancus pyrum);(D) historical records of trading expeditions sent by sea from Egypt to Somaliland extending from the Vth to the XIIth Dynasties, and repeated in the XVIIIth Dynasty.

Anahilapura: Understanding Its Expansive Network during the Time of the Chaulukyas

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-245
Author(s):  
Suchandra Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Trade Network ◽  
Trading Zone ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
Sea Area ◽  
International Trade Network

Abstract Gujarat’s role in the international trade network has long been researched. During the first half of the second millennium CE, the Indian Ocean emerged as a vast trading zone; its western termini were Siraf/Basra/Baghdad in the Persian Gulf zone and Alexandria/Fustat (old Cairo) in the Red Sea area, while the eastern terminus extended up to the ports in China. However, this essay privileges a single place, Anahilapura, which acted as a hinterland to many of the ports of Gujarat.

scholarly journals Deoxygenation in Marginal Seas of the Indian Ocean

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Wajih A. Naqvi
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Bay Of Bengal ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Andaman Sea ◽  
Marginal Seas ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Oxygen Minimum

This article describes oxygen distributions and recent deoxygenation trends in three marginal seas – Persian Gulf and Red Sea in the Northwestern Indian Ocean (NWIO) and Andaman Sea in the Northeastern Indian Ocean (NEIO). Vertically mixed water column in the shallow Persian Gulf is generally well-oxygenated, especially in winter. Biogeochemistry and ecosystems of Persian Gulf are being subjected to enormous anthropogenic stresses including large loading of nutrients and organic matter, enhancing oxygen demand and causing hypoxia (oxygen < 1.4 ml l–1) in central and southern Gulf in summer. The larger and deeper Red Sea is relatively less affected by human activities. Despite its deep water having remarkably uniform thermohaline characteristics, the central and southern Red Sea has a well-developed perennial oxygen minimum at mid-depths. The available data point to ongoing deoxygenation in the northern Red Sea. Model simulations show that an amplified warming in the marginal seas of the NWIO may cause an intensification of the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). Increases in particulate organic carbon and decreases in oxygen contents of the outflows may also have a similar effect. In the Andaman Sea, waters above the sill depth (∼1.4 km) have characteristics similar to those in the Bay of Bengal, including an intense OMZ. As in the case of the Bay of Bengal, oxygen concentrations within the Andaman Sea OMZ appear to have declined slightly but significantly between early 1960s and 1995. The exceedingly isothermal and isohaline water that fills the deep Andaman Basin is also remarkably homogenous in terms of its oxygen content. A very slight but statistically significant decrease in oxygen content of this water also seems to have occurred over three decades preceding 1995. New information is badly needed to assess the extent of further change that may have occurred over the past 25 years. There have been some reports of coastal “dead zones” having developed in the Indian Ocean marginal seas, but they are probably under-reported and the effects of hypoxia on the rich and diverse tropical ecosystems – coral reefs, seagrasses, and mangroves – in these seas remain to be investigated.

scholarly journals DETECTION OF RED SEA AND PERSIAN GULF WATERS IN THE NORTHWESTERN PART OF THE INDIAN OCEAN BY ARGO FLOATS DATA

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 24-62
Author(s):  
K. V. Lebedev ◽  
B. N. Filyushkin ◽  
N. G. Kozhelupova
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Northwestern Part ◽  
Original Result ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Somali Current ◽  
The Persian Gulf

Peculiarities of the spatial distribution of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf waters in the northwestern part of the Indian Ocean have been investigated based on the Argo float measurement database. 27128 profiles of temperature and salinity were taken into account. To process these data, we used the Argo Model for Investigation of the Global Ocean (AMIGO). This technique allowed us for the first time to obtain a complete set of oceanographic characteristics up to a depth of 2000 m for different time intervals of averaging (month, season, years). Joint analysis of the variability of hydrological characteristics within the depths of 0-500 m during the summer monsoon clearly showed the influence of the Somali Current on the dynamics of the waters of this region: the formation of the largest anticyclone (Great Whirl), coastal upwelling zones, redistribution of water masses in the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. The main influence on the formation of the temperature and salinity fields is exerted by the Persian Gulf waters. The same analysis of the variability of fields within the depths of 600-1000 m showed the role of the outflow of the Red Sea waters from the Gulf of Aden in the formation of deep waters in this area during the year. And, finally, at depths of 1000-1500 m, a deep anticyclonic eddy is formed, the southern branch of which, moving westward, at 7˚N. reaches Africa and turns to the south with a narrow stream of Red Sea waters, and then, crossing the equator, reaches 15˚S. An original result was obtained for determining the temporal characteristics of the Somali Current: the time of its formation, the values of transports and life expectancy (according to model estimates of the estimated data for 7 years (1960–1996).

Brachyuran crabs of the family Macrophthalmidae Dana, 1851 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Macrophthalmidae) of the Persian Gulf

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2911 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
REZA NADERLOO ◽  
MICHAEL TÜRKAY ◽  
MICHAEL APEL
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Rocky Shores ◽  
Soft Bottom ◽  
Northern Indian Ocean ◽  
Gulf Of Oman ◽  
The Family ◽  
Intertidal Habitats ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
First Time

The family Macrophthalmidae Dana, 1851, is one of the best represented brachyuran groups in intertidal habitats in the Persian Gulf. Nine species from two subfamilies are reported from the gulf and the adjacent Gulf of Oman, mainly inhabiting intertidal soft substrates. The subfamily Ilyograpsinae Števcic, 2005, is represented by Ilyograpsus rhizophorae Barnard, 1950, erroneously recorded as I. paludicola (Rathbun, 1909). Eight species of the subfamily Macrophthalminae Dana, 1851, have been recorded from the area, all belonging to Macrophthalmus Desmarest, 1823. Of these, M. sinuspersici Naderloo & Türkay, 2010, has recently been described and is the only species of the genus occurring on rocky shores. Macrophthalmus graeffei A. Milne-Edwards, 1873, occurs in subtidal water and is hereby recorded for the first time from the northern Indian Ocean. The remaining six species, M. dentipes Lucas, 1836, M. depressus Rüppell, 1830, M. grandidieri A. Milne-Edwards, 1867, M. laevis A. Milne-Edwards, 1867, M. serenei Takeda & Komai, 1991, and M. sulcatus H. Milne-Edwards, 1852, are important elements of the intertidal soft bottom communities. An identification key for the genus Macrophthalmus in the area is provided, and the geographical distribution of the family is briefly discussed.

Descriptions of four new species of Thysanophrys (Scorpaeniformes: Platycephalidae) from the Western Indian Ocean

Zootaxa ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 3608 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
LESLIE W. KNAPP
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Western Indian Ocean ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
Northern Indian Ocean ◽  
Dorsal Fin ◽  
Spine Structure ◽  
Pacific Species

Four new species of Thysanophrys are described from the Western Indian Ocean (WIO). T. rarita, known from a single specimen taken off Somalia, is provisionally placed in Thysanophrys and is distinguished by its color pattern and number of preocular and suborbital spines. T. tricaudata is described from three specimens taken at SCUBA stations off southwestern Sri Lanka. They differ from other western Indian Ocean (WIO) Thysanophrys in color pattern, lack of ocular flaps, number of dorsal fin spines and scale counts.  The remaining two new species are somewhat similar to the widespread Indo-Pacific species, T. chiltonae Schultz (1966). T. randalli is described from specimens taken at the Amirante Islands and Mauritius. It may also be widespread in the Indo-Pacific, but differs from T. chiltonae in nasal spine structure, color pattern, type of iris lappet margin, and in having a much shorter maximum size. T. springeri also appears to be a smaller species than T. chiltonae and, aside from one record off Djibouti, is restricted to Red Sea. It also differs from T. chiltonae in color pattern, in having fewer pectoral rays and fewer scale rows between the second dorsal-fin insertion and the lateral line. Although T. chiltonae is relatively common in the northern Indian Ocean, it does not appear to have entered the Red Sea.

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