THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: ENTROPY AND FREE ENERGY

1977 ◽  
pp. 29-69
Author(s):  
G.S. UPADHYAYA ◽  
R.K. DUBE
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law

First and second laws of thermodynamics: relationship, “inconsistency”, hidden effects

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
A. M. Savchenko ◽  
Yu. V. Konovalov ◽  
A. V. Laushkin
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Internal Energy ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Entropy Of Mixing ◽  
Ideal Mixing ◽  
Laws Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of the first and second laws of thermodynamics based on their energy nature is considered. It is noted that the processes described by the second law of thermodynamics often take place hidden within the system, which makes it difficult to detect them. Nevertheless, even with ideal mixing, an increase in the internal energy of the system occurs, numerically equal to an increase in free energy. The largest contribution to the change in the value of free energy is made by the entropy of mixing, which has energy significance. The entropy of mixing can do the job, which is confirmed in particular by osmotic processes.

scholarly journals A thermodynamic approach to rate-type models in deformable ferroelectrics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Giorgi ◽  
Angelo Morro
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Energy Models ◽  
Polarization Electric Field ◽  
Field Plane ◽  
Vector Valued ◽  
Rate Type ◽  
Hysteretic Properties

AbstractThe purpose of the paper is to establish vector-valued rate-type models for the hysteretic properties in deformable ferroelectrics within the framework of continuum thermodynamics. Unlike electroelasticity and piezoelectricity, in ferroelectricity both the polarization and the electric field are simultaneously independent variables so that the constitutive functions depend on both. This viewpoint is naturally related to the fact that an hysteresis loop is a closed curve in the polarization–electric field plane. For the sake of generality, the deformation of the material and the dependence on the temperature are allowed to occur. The constitutive functions are required to be consistent with the principle of objectivity and the second law of thermodynamics. Objectivity implies that the constitutive equations are form invariant within the set of Euclidean frames. Among other results, the second law requires a general property on the relation between the polarization and the electric field via a differential equation. This equation shows a dependence fully characterized by two quantities: the free energy and a function which is related to the dissipative character of the hysteresis. As a consequence, different hysteresis models may have the same free energy. Models compatible with thermodynamics are then determined by appropriate selections of the free energy and of the dissipative part. Correspondingly, major and minor hysteretic loops are plotted.

scholarly journals The Effect of the Protein Synthesis Entropy Reduction on the Cell Size Regulation and Division Size of Unicellular Organisms

Entropy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Mohammad Razavi ◽  
Seyed Majid Saberi Fathi ◽  
Jack Adam Tuszynski
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Energy Balance Equation ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Entropy Reduction ◽  
Unicellular Organisms

The underlying mechanism determining the size of a particular cell is one of the fundamental unknowns in cell biology. Here, using a new approach that could be used for most of unicellular species, we show that the protein synthesis and cell size are interconnected biophysically and that protein synthesis may be the chief mechanism in establishing size limitations of unicellular organisms. This result is obtained based on the free energy balance equation of protein synthesis and the second law of thermodynamics. Our calculations show that protein synthesis involves a considerable amount of entropy reduction due to polymerization of amino acids depending on the cytoplasmic volume of the cell. The amount of entropy reduction will increase with cell growth and eventually makes the free energy variations of the protein synthesis positive (that is, forbidden thermodynamically). Within the limits of the second law of thermodynamics we propose a framework to estimate the optimal cell size at division.

The Second Law, Gibbs Free Energy, Geometry, and Protein Folding

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-285
Author(s):  
Yi Fang
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Protein Folding ◽  
Gibbs Free Energy ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Analytic Formula ◽  
Globular Protein ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Fundamental Physical

The fundamental physical law of protein folding is the second law of thermodynamics. The key to solve proteinfolding problem is to derive an analytic formula of the Gibbs free energy. It has been overdue for too long. Let U be a monomeric globular protein whose M atoms 1 M a are classified into hydrophobicity classes H H , ,H 1H 2.

scholarly journals ENERGY AND ENTROPY OF RELATIVISTIC DIFFUSING PARTICLES

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (31) ◽  
pp. 2683-2695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. HABA
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Time Dependence ◽  
Energy Momentum Tensor ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Momentum Tensor ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Entropy Flow ◽  
Fixed Temperature ◽  
Exact Time ◽  
Energy Entropy

We discuss energy–momentum tensor and the second law of thermodynamics for a system of relativistic diffusing particles. We calculate the energy and entropy flow in this system. We obtain an exact time-dependence of energy, entropy and free energy of a beam of photons in a reservoir of a fixed temperature.

scholarly journals Reciprocally-coupled Gating: Strange Loops in Bioenergetics, Genetics, and Catalysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles W. Carter, Jr ◽  
Peter R Wills
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Genetic Coding ◽  
Coupled Gating ◽  
Strange Loops

Bioenergetics, genetic coding, and catalysis are all difficult to imagine emerging without pre-existing historical context. That context is often posed as a “Chicken and Egg” problem; its resolution is concisely described by de Grasse Tyson: “the egg was laid by a bird that was not a chicken”. The concision and generality of that answer furnish no details—only an appropriate framework from which to examine detailed paradigms that might illuminate paradoxes underlying these three life-defining biomolecular processes. We examine experimental aspects here of five examples that all conform to the same paradigm. The paradox in each example is resolved by coupling if, and only if, conditions for two related transitions between levels. One drives, and each restricts fluxes through, or “gates” the other. That reciprocally-coupled gating, in which two gated processes constrain one another, maps onto the formal structure of “strange loops”. That mapping may help unite the axiomatic foundations of genetics, bioenergetics, and catalysis. As a physical analog for Gödel’s logic, biomolecular strange-loops provide a natural metaphor around which to organize these data, linking biology to the physics of information, free energy, and the second law of thermodynamics.

scholarly journals Statistical Physics of the Inflaton Decaying in an Inhomogeneous Random Environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Haba
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Statistical Physics ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Planck Equation ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Stochastic Evolution Equation ◽  
Stochastic Evolution ◽  
Stochastic Wave Equation ◽  
Diffusive System

We derive a stochastic wave equation for an inflaton in an environment of an infinite number of fields. We study solutions of the linearized stochastic evolution equation in an expanding universe. The Fokker-Planck equation for the inflaton probability distribution is derived. The relative entropy (free energy) of the stochastic wave is defined. The second law of thermodynamics for the diffusive system is obtained. Gaussian probability distributions are studied in detail.

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