Heavy metal remediation of aqueous streams is of special concern due to recalcitrant and persistency of heavy metals
in environment. Conventional treatment technologies for the removal of these toxic heavy metals are not economical
and further generate huge quantity of toxic chemical sludge. Agricultural waste materials being economic and ecofriendly
due to their unique biochemical composition, availability in abundance, renewable, low in cost and more
efficient are seem to be viable option for heavy metal remediation. The major advantages of biosorption over
conventional treatment methods include: low cost, high efficiency, minimization of chemical or biological sludge,
regeneration of biosorbents and possibility of metal recovery. It is well known that cellulosic waste materials can be
obtained and employed as cheap adsorbents and their performance to remove heavy metal ions can be affected upon
chemical treatment. In general, chemically modified plant wastes exhibit higher adsorption capacities than
unmodified forms. The functional groups present in agricultural waste biomass viz. acetamido, alcoholic, carbonyl,
phenolic, amido, amino, sulphydryl groups etc. Have affinity for heavy metal ions to form metal complexes or chelates.
Some of the treated adsorbents show good adsorption capacities for Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni. Rice husk as a low-value
agricultural by-product can be made into sorbent materials which are used in heavy metal removal. The mechanism
of biosorption process includes chemisorptions, complexation, adsorption on surface, diffusion through pores and ion
exchange etc. Agricultural residues are lignocelluloses substances which contain three main structural components:
hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin. Lignocellulosic materials also contain extractives. Generally, three main
components have high molecular weights and contribute much mass, while the extractives is of small molecular size,
and available in little quantity, which announce in heavy metal removal.
Trends in the mitigation of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions using unmodified and chemically-modified agricultural waste adsorbents