Episiotomy in vacuum-assisted delivery affects the risk of obstetric anal sphincter injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 207 ◽  
pp. 193-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ninna S. Lund ◽  
Lisa K.G. Persson ◽  
Hanna Jangö ◽  
Ditte Gommesen ◽  
Hanne B. Westergaard
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Anal Sphincter ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injury ◽  
Sphincter Injury ◽  
Anal Sphincter Injury ◽  
Assisted Delivery

scholarly journals Obstetric anal sphincter injury: a systematic review of information available on the internet

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 713-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishalli Ghai ◽  
◽  
Vasilios Pergialiotis ◽  
Haider Jan ◽  
James M. N. Duffy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Anal Sphincter ◽  
Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injury ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Sphincter Injury ◽  
Anal Sphincter Injury

scholarly journals Lateral episiotomy versus no episiotomy to reduce obstetric anal sphincter injury in vacuum-assisted delivery in nulliparous women: study protocol on a randomised controlled trial

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. e025050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Bergendahl ◽  
Victoria Ankarcrona ◽  
Åsa Leijonhufvud ◽  
Susanne Hesselman ◽  
Sofie Karlström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomised Controlled Trial ◽  
Anal Sphincter ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injury ◽  
Vacuum Extraction ◽  
Sphincter Injury ◽  
Anal Sphincter Injury ◽  
Nulliparous Women ◽  
Assisted Delivery ◽  
Randomised Controlled

IntroductionObstetric anal sphincter injury (OASIS) occurs in 5%–7% of normal deliveries and increases with vacuum extraction (VE) to 12%–14% in nulliparous women in Sweden. Lateral/mediolateral episiotomy may reduce the prevalence of OASIS at VE in nulliparous women. The current use of episiotomy is restrictive. The protective effect and consequences are uncertain. This trial will investigate if lateral episiotomy can reduce the prevalence of OASIS and assess short-term and long-term effects.Methods and analysisThis is a multicentre randomised controlled trial of lateral episiotomy versus no episiotomy in nulliparous women with a singleton, live fetus, after gestational week 34+0 with indication for VE. A lateral episiotomy of 4 cm is cut at crowning, 1–3 cm from the midline, at a 60° angle. The primary outcome is OASIS by clinical diagnosis analysed according to intention to treat. To demonstrate a 50% reduction in OASIS prevalence (from 12.4% to 6.2%), 710 women will be randomised at a 1:1 ratio. Secondary outcomes are pain, blood loss, other perineal injuries, perineal complications, Apgar score, cord pH and neonatal complications. Web-based questionnaires at baseline, 2 months, 1 and 5 years will be used to assess pain, incontinence, prolapse, sexual function, quality of life and childbirth experience. A subset of women will receive follow-up by pelvic floor sonography and pelvic examination. Mode of delivery and recurrence of OASIS/episiotomy in subsequent pregnancies will be assessed at 5 and 10 years using register data.Ethics and disseminationThe trial is open for enrolment. The trial has received ethical approval from the Regional Ethical Review Board of Stockholm and full funding from the Swedish Research Council. Women are interested in participation. The predominant restrictive view on episiotomy may limit recruitment. Results are of global interest and will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and at international congresses.Trial registration numberNCT02643108; Pre-results.

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