Drugs of abuse and benzodiazepines in the Madrid Region (Central Spain): Seasonal variation in river waters, occurrence in tap water and potential environmental and human risk

A seasonal variation in the incidence of neonatal nonhemolytic, unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia has been observed in a small, predominantly agricultural community. A total of 3,096 records, representing all newborns delivered during a 4-year period (1963-1966) in one local hospital and during an overlapping 3-year period (1964-1966) in another, were reviewed. A case was defined as an infant whose highest recorded unconjugated bilirubin level reached 10 mg/100 ml during the first days of life. Infants with clear-cut hemolytic disease of the newborn were excluded from consideration. One hundred seventy cases were identifled. In one hospital, an excess of cases occurred during the fourth quarter of each of the 4 years reviewed. A similar trend was apparent in the second hospital during 2 of the 3 years reviewed. The cause of this systematic fluctuation is unclear. Insofar as possible, factors commonly associated with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia were excluded. During the peak incidence penods, a surplus of cases among infants fed with tap water-containing formula was noted.

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Experiments on Freeze-Bonding Between Ice Blocks in Floating Ice rubble

Journal of Glaciology ◽

10.1017/s0022143000012107 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 32 (112) ◽

pp. 397-403 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

R. Ettema ◽

J.A. Schaefer

Keyword(s):

Tap Water ◽

Contact Period ◽

Distilled Water ◽

River Waters ◽

Air Temperatures ◽

Strength Behavior ◽

Series Of Experiments ◽

Bond Strengths ◽

Saline Solutions ◽

Thick Layers

AbstractSeries of experiments were conducted with the aim of determining the influences of the following factors on freeze-bonding between contacting ice blocks in floating ice rubble: pressure normal to the contact plane, period and area of contact, and salinity of the water in which freeze-bonding occurred. Freeze-bonding between ice blocks in air was also investigated. The experiments were conducted with water and air temperatures of about 0°C and normal pressures, between ice blocks, up to 4 kPa. This range of normal pressures may occur hydrostatically between ice blocks in layers of floating ice rubble up to about 10 m thick, or in 2-3 m thick layers which are in a passive Rankine state of pressure. The experiments show that stronger freeze-bonds develop between ice blocks in distilled water, tap water, and water from the Iowa River than develop between ice blocks contacting in air at 0°C. However, stronger freeze-bonds developed in air at 0°C than developed between ice blocks in 0°C saline (NaCl) solutions with salinities in excess of 12.5% by weight. The strength of freeze-bonding increased linearly with contact period for ice blocks in distilled, tap, and river waters, but did not increase with contact period for ice blocks contacting in saline solutions or in air. The results of the experiments are useful contributions to explanations of the shear-strength behavior of a layer of floating ice rubble. For example, thicker layers of ice rubble may show greater cohesive behavior, because normal pressures and thus freeze-bond strengths increase with layer thickness.

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