scholarly journals Soil freezing-thawing induces immediate shifts in microbial and resource stoichiometry in Luvisol soils along a postmining agricultural chronosequence in Western Germany

Geoderma ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 408 ◽  
pp. 115596
Author(s):  
Christoph Rosinger ◽  
Jessica Clayton ◽  
Kathrin Baron ◽  
Michael Bonkowski
Keyword(s):  
Soil Freezing ◽  
Western Germany

A Predictive Model of the Impact of the Skidding System on Forest Soil in Severe Climatic Conditions

2020 ◽  
pp. 131-144
Author(s):  
S.E. Rudov ◽  
◽  
V.Ya. Shapiro ◽  
O.I. Grigoreva ◽  
I.V. Grigorev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Soil Freezing ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Metal Structures ◽  
Rapid Adjustment ◽  
Soil Freezing And Thawing ◽  
The Impact

In the Russian Federation logging operations are traditionally carried out in winter. This is due to the predominance of areas with swamped and water-logged (class III and IV) soils in the forest fund, where work of forestry equipment is difficult, and sometimes impossible in the warm season. The work of logging companies in the forests of the cryolithozone, characterized by a sharply continental climate, with severe frosts in winter, is hampered by the fact that forest machines are not recommended to operate at temperatures below –40 °C due to the high probability of breaking of metal structures and hydraulic system. At the same time, in the warm season, most of the cutting areas on cryosolic soils become difficult to pass for heavy forest machines. It turns out that the convenient period for logging in the forests of the cryolithozone is quite small. This results in the need of work in the so-called off-season period, when the air temperature becomes positive, and the thawing processes of the soil top layer begin. The same applies to the logging companies not operating in the conditions of cryosolic soils, for instance, in the Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Vologda regions, etc. The observed climate warming has led to a significant reduction in the sustained period of winter logging. Frequent temperature transitions around 0 °C in winter, autumn and spring necessitate to work during the off-season too, while cutting areas thaw. In bad seasonal and climatic conditions, which primarily include off-season periods in general and permafrost in particular, it is very difficult to take into account in mathematical models features of soil freezing and thawing and their effect on the destruction nature. The article shows that the development of long-term predictive models of indicators of cyclic interaction between the skidding system and forest soil in adverse climatic conditions of off-season logging operations in order to improve their reliability requires rapid adjustment of the calculated parameters based on the actual experimental data at a given step of the cycles.

Reuse of Wastewaters in Agriculture by Means of Sprinkler Irrigation on a Farmland Area of 3000 ha – Large Scale Experience in Germany

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 163-173
Author(s):  
R. Boll ◽  
R. Kayser
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Sewage Farm ◽  
Western Germany ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Main Components

The Braunschweig wastewater land treatment system as the largest in Western Germany serves a population of about 270.000 and has an annual flow of around 22 Mio m3. The whole treatment process consists of three main components : a pre-treatment plant as an activated sludge process, a sprinkler irrigation area of 3.000 ha of farmland and an old sewage farm of 200 ha with surface flooding. This paper briefly summarizes the experiences with management and operation of the system, the treatment results with reference to environmental impact, development of agriculture and some financial aspects.

The Later Prehistory of North-West Europe

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Bradley ◽  
Colin Haselgrove ◽  
Marc Vander Linden ◽  
Leo Webley
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
North West ◽  
Social Forms ◽  
Fresh Perspective ◽  
Western Germany ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Late Mesolithic

The Later Prehistory of North-West Europe provides a unique, up-to-date, and easily accessible synthesis of the later prehistoric archaeology of north-west Europe, transcending political and language barriers that can hinder understanding. By surveying changes in social forms, landscape organization, monument types, and ritual practices over six millennia, the volume reassesses the prehistory of north-west Europe from the late Mesolithic to the end of the pre-Roman Iron Age. It explores how far common patterns of social development are apparent across north-west Europe, and whether there were periods when local differences were emphasized instead. In relation to this, it also examines changes through time in the main axes of contact between the various regions of continental Europe, Britain, and Ireland. Key to the volume's broad scope is its focus on the vast mass of new evidence provided by recent development-led excavations. The authors collate data that has been gathered on thousands of sites across Britain, Ireland, northern France, the Low Countries, western Germany, and Denmark, using sources including unpublished 'grey literature' reports. The results challenge many aspects of previous narratives of later prehistory, allowing the volume to present a distinctively fresh perspective.

Germany and Peaceful Change

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Brummer
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Global Change ◽  
Eastern Bloc ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Interstate Relations ◽  
Western Germany ◽  
Fundamental Transformation ◽  
Foreign Policy Change ◽  
United Nations System ◽  
Nations System

From the outset, (Western) Germany has pursued a multipronged foreign policy of peaceful change. This has encompassed peaceful foreign policy change based on processes of accommodation and reconciliation with other countries (e.g., France, Israel, and countries in the Eastern bloc), peaceful regional change through coleadership of the European integration process, and peaceful global change based on its engagement within the United Nations system. In several instances, this policy of peaceful change has gone beyond the mere conduct of interstate relations without resorting to violence toward a more fundamental transformation of state-to-state interaction in which nonviolent cooperation has become the norm and the recourse to war virtually unthinkable.

Monetary Reform in Western Germany

1949 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred H. Klopstock
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Reform ◽  
Western Germany

scholarly journals Recommended Procedures to Assess Critical State Locus from Triaxial Tests in Cohesionless Remoulded Samples

Geotechnics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-127
Author(s):  
António Viana da Fonseca ◽  
Diana Cordeiro ◽  
Fausto Molina-Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Critical State ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
State Theory ◽  
Soil Freezing ◽  
Triaxial Tests ◽  
Cohesionless Soils ◽  
Saturation Condition ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Laboratory Procedures ◽  
Soil Behaviour

The critical state theory is a robust conceptual framework for the characterisation of soil behaviour. In the laboratory, triaxial tests are used to assess the critical state locus. In the last decades, the equipment and testing procedures for soil characterisation, within the critical state framework, have advanced to obtain accurate and reliable results. This review paper summarises and describes a series of recommended laboratory procedures to assess the critical state locus in cohesionless soils. For this purpose, results obtained in the laboratory from different cohesionless soils and triaxial equipment configurations are compiled, analysed and discussed in detail. The procedures presented in this paper reinforce the use of triaxial cells with lubricated end platens and an embedded connection piston into the top-cap, together with the verification of the full saturation condition and the measurement end-of-test water content—preferable using the soil freezing technique. The experimental evidence and comparison between equipment configurations provide relevant insights about the laboratory procedures for obtaining a reliable characterisation of the critical state locus of cohesionless geomaterials. All the procedures recommended herein can be easily implemented in academic and commercial geotechnical laboratories.

scholarly journals The European Heat Wave 2018: The Dendroecological Response of Oak and Spruce in Western Germany

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Burkhard Neuwirth ◽  
Inken Rabbel ◽  
Jörg Bendix ◽  
Heye R. Bogena ◽  
Boris Thies
Keyword(s):  
Heat Wave ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Climatic Parameters ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Heat Response ◽  
Western Germany

The European heat wave of 2018 was characterized by extraordinarily dry and hot spring and summer conditions in many central and northern European countries. The average temperatures from June to August 2018 were the second highest since 1881. Accordingly, many plants, especially trees, were pushed to their physiological limits. However, while the drought and heat response of field crops and younger trees have been well investigated in laboratory experiments, little is known regarding the drought and heat response of mature forest trees. In this study, we compared the response of a coniferous and a deciduous tree species, located in western and central–western Germany, to the extreme environmental conditions during the European heat wave of 2018. Combining classic dendroecological techniques (tree–ring analysis) with measurements of the intra–annual stem expansion (dendrometers) and tree water uptake (sap flow sensors), we found contrasting responses of spruce and oak trees. While spruce trees developed a narrow tree ring in 2018 combined with decreasing correlations of daily sap flow and dendrometer parameters to the climatic parameters, oak trees developed a ring with above–average tree–ring width combined with increasing correlations between the daily climatic parameters and the parameters derived from sap flow and the dendrometer sensors. In conclusion, spruce trees reacted to the 2018 heat wave with the early completion of their growth activities, whereas oaks appeared to intensify their activities based on the water content in their tree stems.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document