Horizontal gene transfer and functional diversification of plant cell wall degrading polygalacturonases: Key events in the evolution of herbivory in beetles

2014 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 33-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Kirsch ◽  
Lydia Gramzow ◽  
Günter Theißen ◽  
Blair D. Siegfried ◽  
Richard H. ffrench-Constant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Horizontal Gene Transfer ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Functional Diversification ◽  
Key Events

scholarly journals The genome of the mustard leaf beetle encodes two active xylanases originally acquired from bacteria through horizontal gene transfer

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1763) ◽  
pp. 20131021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannick Pauchet ◽  
David G. Heckel
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Horizontal Gene Transfer ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolase Family ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Genes Encoding

The primary plant cell wall comprises the most abundant polysaccharides on the Earth and represents a rich source of energy for organisms which have evolved the ability to digest them. Enzymes able to degrade plant cell wall polysaccharides are widely distributed in micro-organisms but are generally absent in animals, although their presence in insects, especially phytophagous beetles from the superfamilies Chrysomeloidea and Curculionoidea, has recently begun to be appreciated. The observed patchy distribution of endogenous genes encoding these enzymes in animals has raised questions about their evolutionary origins. Recent evidence suggests that endogenous plant cell wall degrading enzymes-encoding genes have been acquired by animals through a mechanism known as horizontal gene transfer (HGT). HGT describes how genetic material is moved by means other than vertical inheritance from a parent to an offspring. Here, we provide evidence that the mustard leaf beetle, Phaedon cochleariae , possesses in its genome genes encoding active xylanases from the glycoside hydrolase family 11 (GH11). We also provide evidence that these genes were originally acquired by P. cochleariae from a species of gammaproteobacteria through HGT. This represents the first example of the presence of genes from the GH11 family in animals.

Ultrasound Assisted Solid-Liquid Extraction Devices - Harnessing Active Ingredients from Plant materials – Overview and Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted ◽  
Solid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Solid Liquid

Background: In the growing environmental concern use of natural products, efficient processes and devices are necessary. Solid-Liquid extraction of active Ingredients from Plant materials is one of the important unit operations in Chemical Engineering and need to be enhanced. Objectives: Since, these active ingredients are firmly bound to the plant cell wall membrane, which pose mass-transfer resistance and need to get detached through the use of suitable process intensification tools such as ultrasound and suitable devices. Therefore, detailed analysis and review is essential on development made in this area through Publications and Patents. Hence, the present paper illustrates the development of ultrasound assisted device for solid-liquid extraction are presented in this paper. Methods: Advantages such as % Yield, Reduction in extraction time, use of ambient conditions, better process control, avoidance or minimizing multi stage extraction could be achieved due to the use of ultrasound in extraction as compared to conventional processes. Conclusions: Use of ultrasound to provide significant improvements in the extraction of Vegetable tannins, Natural dyes for application in Leather processing has been demonstrated and reported earlier. These enhancement could be possible through various effects of ultrasound such as better flow of solvents through micro-jet formation, mass transfer enhancement due to rupture of plant cell wall membranes through acoustic cavitation, better leaching due to micro-mixing and acoustic streaming effects. This approach would minimize material wastage; thereby, leading to eco-conservation of plant materials, which is very much essential for better environment. Hence, various methods and design for application of ultrasound assisted solid-liquid extractor device are necessary.

scholarly journals Bacterial inducible expression of plant cell wall-binding protein YesO through conflict between Glycine max and saprophytic Bacillus subtilis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruka Sugiura ◽  
Ayumi Nagase ◽  
Sayoko Oiki ◽  
Bunzo Mikami ◽  
Daisuke Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Fermented Food ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Initial Growth

Abstract Saprophytic bacteria and plants compete for limited nutrient sources. Bacillus subtilis grows well on steamed soybeans Glycine max to produce the fermented food, natto. Here we focus on bacterial responses in conflict between B. subtilis and G. max. B. subtilis cells maintained high growth rates specifically on non-germinating, dead soybean seeds. On the other hand, viable soybean seeds with germinating capability attenuated the initial growth of B. subtilis. Thus, B. subtilis cells may trigger saprophytic growth in response to the physiological status of G. max. Scanning electron microscope observation indicated that B. subtilis cells on steamed soybeans undergo morphological changes to form apertures, demonstrating cell remodeling during saprophytic growth. Further, transcriptomic analysis of B. subtilis revealed upregulation of the gene cluster, yesOPQR, in colonies growing on steamed soybeans. Recombinant YesO protein, a putative, solute-binding protein for the ATP-binding cassette transporter system, exhibited an affinity for pectin-derived oligosaccharide from plant cell wall. The crystal structure of YesO, in complex with the pectin oligosaccharide, was determined at 1.58 Å resolution. This study expands our knowledge of defensive and offensive strategies in interspecies competition, which may be promising targets for crop protection and fermented food production.

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