scholarly journals BCG immunomodulation: From the ‘hygiene hypothesis’ to COVID-19

Immunobiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 226 (1) ◽  
pp. 152052
Author(s):  
Aaron J. Moulson ◽  
Yossef Av-Gay
Keyword(s):  
Hygiene Hypothesis

The Gut Microbiome and the Hygiene Hypothesis of Allergic Disease. Impact of Pets and Siblings on Infant Gut Microbiota

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. S73-S73
Author(s):  
Meghan B. Azad ◽  
Theodore Konya ◽  
Heather Maughan ◽  
David S. Guttman ◽  
Malcolm R. Sears ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Allergic Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Hygiene Hypothesis ◽  
Disease Impact

scholarly journals Intestinal Microbiota as an Alternative Therapeutic Target for Epilepsy

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaying Wu ◽  
Yuyu Zhang ◽  
Hongyu Yang ◽  
Yuefeng Rao ◽  
Jing Miao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Hygiene Hypothesis ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Immune Disorders ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Symbiotic Microbiota

Epilepsy is one of the most widespread serious neurological disorders, and an aetiological explanation has not been fully identified. In recent decades, a growing body of evidence has highlighted the influential role of autoimmune mechanisms in the progression of epilepsy. The hygiene hypothesis draws people’s attention to the association between gut microbes and the onset of multiple immune disorders. It is also believed that, in addition to influencing digestive system function, symbiotic microbiota can bidirectionally and reversibly impact the programming of extraintestinal pathogenic immune responses during autoimmunity. Herein, we investigate the concept that the diversity of parasitifer sensitivity to commensal microbes and the specific constitution of the intestinal microbiota might impact host susceptibility to epilepsy through promotion of Th17 cell populations in the central nervous system (CNS).

scholarly journals The “hygiene hypothesis” in IBD

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 869
Author(s):  
Richard B. Gearry ◽  
Andrew J. Dodgshun
Keyword(s):  
Hygiene Hypothesis

Multiple sclerosis and the hygiene hypothesis

Neurology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 2085-2086 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. O. Fleming ◽  
T. D. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Hygiene Hypothesis

Microbial exposure early in life regulates airway inflammation in mice after infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae with enhancement of local resistance

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (1) ◽  
pp. L67-L78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuki Yasuda ◽  
Yoko Matsumura ◽  
Kazuki Kasahara ◽  
Noriko Ouji ◽  
Shigeki Sugiura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Pneumococcal Infection ◽  
Hygiene Hypothesis ◽  
Respiratory Pathogen ◽  
T Helper 1 ◽  
Innate Resistance ◽  
Anaerobic Microorganisms ◽  
Early Life Exposure ◽  
Microbial Extracts ◽  
Microbial Exposure

The immunological explanation for the “hygiene hypothesis” has been proposed to be induction of T helper 1 (Th1) responses by microbial products. However, the protective results of hygiene hypothesis-linked microbial exposures are currently shown to be unlikely to result from a Th1-skewed response. Until now, effect of microbial exposure early in life on airway innate resistance remained unclear. We examined the role of early life exposure to microbes in airway innate resistance to a respiratory pathogen. Specific pathogen-free weanling mice were nasally exposed to the mixture of microbial extracts or PBS (control) every other day for 28 days and intratracheally infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae 10 days after the last exposure. Exposure to microbial extracts facilitated colonization of aerobic gram-positive bacteria, anaerobic microorganisms, and Lactobacillus in the airway, compared with control exposure. In pneumococcal pneumonia, the exposure prolonged mouse survival days by suppressing bacterial growth and by retarding pneumococcal blood invasion, despite significantly low levels of leukocyte recruitment in the lung. Enhancement of airway resistance was associated with a significant decrease in production of leukocyte chemokine (KC) and TNFα, and suppression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) expression/activation with enhancement of tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP-3) activation. The exposure increased production of IFN-γ, IL-4, and monocyte chemoattractant-1 following infection. Furthermore, expression of Toll-like receptor 2, 4, and 9 was promoted by the exposure but no longer upregulated upon pneumococcal infection. Thus, we suggest that hygiene hypothesis is more important in regulating the PMN-dominant inflammatory response than in inducing a Th1-dominant response.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document