The bidirectional impacts of alcohol consumption and the metabolic syndrome: Cofactors for progressive fatty liver disease

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are the most frequent chronic liver disorders, and their advanced forms - alcoholic steatohepatitis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis - are the most frequent conditions leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. NAFLD is considered as the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. With the pandemic rise of obesity, the incidence of NAFLD is also further increasing, and considering the life style in modern societies, there is a significant overlap of (risk factors causing) NAFLD and (alcohol consumption predisposing for) ALD at least in Western countries. Epidemiological studies propose a causative link between chronic alcohol consumption and progressive liver disease in obese individuals. Furthermore, experimental studies indicate combined pathological effects of alcohol and obesity or fatty acid levels, respectively, on hepatocellular lipid accumulation and injury as well as hepatic inflammation, fibrosis and cancerogenesis. Notably, these combined pathological effects are in part additive but partly even synergistic. And importantly, alcohol does already exhibit synergistic pathological effects with obesity at moderate doses. This indicates significant differences in the dose threshold for hepatotoxic alcohol effects in lean and obese subjects and herewith also has important implications for recommendations for ‘safe' alcohol consumption. The purpose of this brief review is to update the knowledge on the combined effects of alcohol and obesity on the development and progression of liver disease. Undoubtedly, alcohol and the metabolic syndrome appear as a dangerous mix, and there are important interactive effects of either condition with regard to crucial triggers of liver injury.

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Mechanisms of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the Metabolic Syndrome. A Narrative Review

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10020270 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 270

Author(s):

Luca Rinaldi ◽

Pia Clara Pafundi ◽

Raffaele Galiero ◽

Alfredo Caturano ◽

Maria Vittoria Morone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Fatty Liver ◽

Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Smoking Habit ◽

Lifestyle Modifications ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic syndrome (MS) are two different entities sharing common clinical and physio-pathological features, with insulin resistance (IR) as the most relevant. Large evidence leads to consider it as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, regardless of age, sex, smoking habit, cholesterolemia, and other elements of MS. Therapeutic strategies remain still unclear, but lifestyle modifications (diet, physical exercise, and weight loss) determine an improvement in IR, MS, and both clinical and histologic liver picture. NAFLD and IR are bidirectionally correlated and, consequently, the development of pre-diabetes and diabetes is the most direct consequence at the extrahepatic level. In turn, type 2 diabetes is a well-known risk factor for multiorgan damage, including an involvement of cardiovascular system, kidney and peripheral nervous system. The increased MS incidence worldwide, above all due to changes in diet and lifestyle, is associated with an equally significant increase in NAFLD, with a subsequent rise in both morbidity and mortality due to both metabolic, hepatic and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the slowdown in the increase of the “bad company” constituted by MS and NAFLD, with all the consequent direct and indirect costs, represents one of the main challenges for the National Health Systems.

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; a part of the metabolic syndrome in the renal transplant recipient and possible cause of an allograft dysfunction

Medical Hypotheses ◽

10.1016/j.mehy.2013.10.030 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

pp. 36-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

I. Mikolasevic ◽

S. Racki ◽

V. Lukenda ◽

M. Pavletic-Persic ◽

S. Milic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Renal Transplant ◽

Transplant Recipient ◽

Fatty Liver ◽

Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Possible Cause ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the hepatic consequence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665110000030 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 69 (2) ◽

pp. 211-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 132

Author(s):

J. Bernadette Moore

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Fatty Liver ◽

Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Response To Treatment ◽

Health Concern ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the most common liver disease in both adults and children worldwide. As a disease spectrum, NAFLD may progress from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. An estimated 20–35% of the general population has steatosis, 10% of whom will develop the more progressive non-alcoholic steatohepatitis associated with markedly increased risk of cardiovascular- and liver-related mortality. Development of NAFLD is strongly linked to components of the metabolic syndrome including obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and type 2 diabetes. The recognition that NAFLD is an independent risk factor for CVD is a major public health concern. There is a great need for a sensitive non-invasive test for the early detection and assessment of the stage of NAFLD that could also be used to monitor response to treatment. The cellular and molecular aetiology of NAFLD is multi-factorial; genetic polymorphisms influencing NAFLD have been identified and nutrition is a modifiable environmental factor influencing NAFLD progression. Weight loss through diet and exercise is the primary recommendation in the clinical management of NAFLD. The application of systems biology to the identification of NAFLD biomarkers and factors involved in NAFLD progression is an area of promising research.

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Pediatric Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/Oboljenje Ne-Alkoholne Masne Jetre U Pedijatriji

Journal of Medical Biochemistry ◽

10.2478/jomb-2014-0059 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 3-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Edgard Delvin ◽

Natasha Patey ◽

Josée Dubois ◽

Melanie Henderson ◽

Émile Lévy

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Fatty Liver ◽

Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Major Increase ◽

Near Future ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Early Atherosclerosis

Summary The rapidly increasing prevalence of childhood obesity and its associated co-morbidities such as hypertriglyceridemia, hyper-insulinemia, hypertension, early atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are major public health concerns in many countries. Therefore the trends in child and adolescent obesity should be closely monitored over time, as in the near future, we may anticipate a major increase of young adults with the stigmata of the metabolic syndrome, and of the related non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), that may lead to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with hepatitis C is associated with features of the metabolic syndrome

The American Journal of Gastroenterology ◽

10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07640.x ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 98 (9) ◽

pp. 2064-2071 ◽

Cited By ~ 120

Author(s):

Arun J. Sanyal ◽

Melissa J. Contos ◽

Richard K. Sterling ◽

Velimir A. Luketic ◽

Mitchell L. Shiffman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Fatty Liver ◽

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

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P135 PREVALENCE OF FEATURES OF THE METABOLIC SYNDROME IN HEALTHY WHITE-COLLAR EMPLOYEES WITH OR WITHOUT FATTY LIVER DISEASE

Atherosclerosis Supplements ◽

10.1016/s1567-5688(10)70202-6 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 45

Author(s):

J. Haas ◽

S. Teufel-Sies ◽

S. Mack ◽

E. Becker ◽

B. Knebel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Fatty Liver ◽

Fatty Liver Disease ◽

White Collar ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

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Cardiovascular Risk in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16173104 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (17) ◽

pp. 3104 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Claudio Tana ◽

Stefano Ballestri ◽

Fabrizio Ricci ◽

Angelo Di Vincenzo ◽

Andrea Ticinesi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Fatty Liver ◽

Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Cardiovascular Events ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

New evidence suggests that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has a strong multifaceted relationship with diabetes and metabolic syndrome, and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events, regardless of traditional risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Given the pandemic-level rise of NAFLD—in parallel with the increasing prevalence of obesity and other components of the metabolic syndrome—and its association with poor cardiovascular outcomes, the question of how to manage NAFLD properly, in order to reduce the burden of associated incident cardiovascular events, is both timely and highly relevant. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of the association between NAFLD and cardiovascular disease, and also to discuss possible clinical strategies for cardiovascular risk assessment, as well as the spectrum of available therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD and its downstream events.

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