AbstractAntibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria has emerged as a major threat to public health worldwide. While stable resistance due to the acquisition of genomic mutations or plasmids carrying antibiotic-resistance genes is well-established, much less is known about the temporary and reversible resistance induced by antibiotic treatment, such as the one due to treatment with bacterial cell-wall inhibiting antibiotics like ampicillin. Typically, ampicillin concentration in the blood and other tissues gradually increases over time after initiation of the treatment. As a result, the bacterial population is exposed to a concentration gradient of ampicillin. This is different from in vitro drug testing where the organism is exposed to fixed drug concentrations from the beginning till the end. To mimic the mode of antibiotic exposure of microorganisms in the tissues, we cultured the wild type, ampicillin-sensitive Salmonella Typhi Ty2 strain (S. Typhi Ty2) in the presence of increasing concentrations of ampicillin over a period of 14 days. This resulted in the development of a strain that exhibited several features of the so-called L-form of bacteria, such as the absence of cell wall, altered shape and slower growth rate compared with the parental strain. Studies on the pathogenesis of S. Typhi L-form showed efficient infection of the murine and human macrophage cell lines. More importantly, S. Typhi L-form was also able to establish infection in a mouse model to the extent comparable to its parental strain. These results suggested that L-form generation following initiation of antibiotic treatment could lead to drug escape of S. Typhi and direct spread to new cells (macrophages), which sustain the infection. Oral infection by the L-form bacteria underscores the potential of rapid disease transmission through faeco-oral route, highlighting the need for new approaches to decrease the reservoir of infection.
Aleutian mink disease parvovirus infection of mink peritoneal macrophages and human macrophage cell lines.