Adaptation to leftward-shifting prisms reduces the global processing bias of healthy individuals

2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1750-1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet H. Bultitude ◽  
Jill M. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Global Processing ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Processing Bias

scholarly journals Reduced attention-driven auditory sensitivity in hallucination-prone individuals

2015 ◽  
Vol 207 (5) ◽  
pp. 414-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise H. Rayner ◽  
Kwang-Hyuk Lee ◽  
Peter W. R. Woodruff
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Visual Sensitivity ◽  
Auditory Sensitivity ◽  
Auditory Hallucinations ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Auditory Condition ◽  
Processing Bias ◽  
Temporal Order Judgement

BackgroundEvidence suggests that auditory hallucinations may result from abnormally enhanced auditory sensitivity.AimsTo investigate whether there is an auditory processing bias in healthy individuals who are prone to experiencing auditory hallucinations.MethodTwo hundred healthy volunteers performed a temporal order judgement task in which they determined whether an auditory or a visual stimulus came first under conditions of directed attention (‘attend-auditory’ and ‘attend-visual’ conditions). The Launay–Slade Hallucination Scale was used to divide the sample into high and low hallucination-proneness groups.ResultsThe high hallucination-proneness group exhibited a reduced sensitivity to auditory stimuli under the attend-auditory condition. By contrast, attention-directed visual sensitivity did not differ significantly between groups.ConclusionsHealthy individuals prone to hallucinatory experiences may possess a bias in attention towards internal auditory stimuli at the expense of external sounds. Interventions involving the redistribution of attentional resources would have therapeutic benefit in patients experiencing auditory hallucinations.

The Role of Retrospective Negative Information-Processing Biases in Remitted Depression

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orly Lipsitz
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Negative Information ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Positive Events ◽  
Handheld Device ◽  
The Past ◽  
Processing Bias ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Remitted Depression ◽  
Information Processing Bias

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is characterized by persistent and impairing low mood and loss of interest or pleasure. Given that MDD is highly recurrent, it is important to identify which impairments remain during remission and may predict recurrence. A key impairment in MDD is that they tend to process current and past information more negatively than healthy individuals. However, it is unclear whether this negative information-processing bias persists during remission. This study will investigate a retrospective type of negative information-processing bias when recollecting recent real-world events among young adults with remitted depression (n=31) compared to healthy individuals (n=32). Participants were given a handheld device and responded to prompts on the device four times a day for one week. The prompts asked whether the individual experienced a positive or negative event since the last prompt and how intense that negative or positive event was. At the end of the week, participants completed a questionnaire regarding their experiences over the past week. They were asked how many negative and positive events the individual experienced over the past week, and the overall intensity of these negative and positive events. It is hypothesized that individuals with remitted depression will report a greater number and intensity of negative events in the distal retrospection period than in the proximal retrospection period, but no difference is expected for positive events. The opposite findings are expected for healthy individuals. This research may advance the understanding of persistent impairments in remitted depression while focusing on real-life events.

Experimental Evidence for the Effects of Instructional Bias on Word Identification

1986 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank R. Vellutino ◽  
Donna M. Scanlon
Keyword(s):  
Reading Instruction ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
The Other ◽  
Global Processing ◽  
Processing Strategies ◽  
Processing Bias ◽  
Whole Word ◽  
Better Than

This article addresses the question of whether instructional biases foster the use of limited processing strategies that impair the child's ability to learn to identify printed words. To evaluate this question, poor and normal readers in second and sixth grade were randomly assigned to treatments that simulated three general methods of teaching word identification: (a) the whole-word/meaning-based method, (b) the phonics method and (c) the whole-word/meaning and phonics methods combined. Results indicate that the whole-word/meaning-based method fostered a global processing strategy in “word” identification while the phonics method fostered an analytic strategy. In contrast, the whole-word/phonics method fostered the use of both processing strategies, and subjects who received this treatment generally performed better than did subjects who received only one or the other. It was concluded that the use of only one of these methods of reading instruction to the exclusion of the other may create processing bias that could impair the acquisition of fluency in word identification, while the complementary use of both may facilitate the acquisition of fluency in word identification.

Local Processing BIAS Impairs Lineup Performance

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Perfect
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Order ◽  
Global Processing ◽  
Local Processing ◽  
Processing Task ◽  
Processing Bias ◽  
Local Processing Bias

Evidence suggests that lineup performance by witnesses can be influenced by inducing a prior local or global processing bias. In this study, 90 witnesses attempted to identify a perpetrator from a lineup. Prior to the lineup, 30 participants completed a global processing task followed by a local processing task; 30 did the same tasks in reverse order; and 30 acted as controls. Analysis indicated that the last task completed influenced subsequent lineup performance.

Action modulated cognition: The influence of sensori–motor experience on the global processing bias

2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 1973-1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracey A. Herlihey ◽  
Sandra E. Black ◽  
Susanne Ferber
Keyword(s):  
Global Processing ◽  
Motor Experience ◽  
Processing Bias

scholarly journals Local-global processing bias is not a unitary individual difference in visual processing

2017 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 247-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Chamberlain ◽  
Ruth Van der Hallen ◽  
Hanne Huygelier ◽  
Sander Van de Cruys ◽  
Johan Wagemans
Keyword(s):  
Individual Difference ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Global Processing ◽  
Processing Bias

Morphological and elemental analysis of isolated incubated frog retina-choroid

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 298-299
Author(s):  
B. J. Panessa-Warren ◽  
J. B. Warren ◽  
H. W. Kraner
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Human Retina ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Anterior Portion ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Frog Retina ◽  
Isolated Retina ◽  
Vertebrate Eye ◽  
Retina Pigment Epithelium

Our previous studies have demonstrated that abnormally high amounts of calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn) can be accumulated in human retina-choroid under pathological conditions and that barium (Ba), which was not detected in the eyes of healthy individuals, is deposited in the retina pigment epithelium (RPE), and to a lesser extent in the sensory retina and iris. In an attempt to understand how these cations can be accumulated in the vertebrate eye, a morphological and microanalytical study of the uptake and loss of specific cations (K, Ca,Ba,Zn) was undertaken with incubated Rana catesbiana isolated retina and RPE preparations. Large frogs (650-800 gms) were dark adapted, guillotined and their eyes enucleated in deep ruby light. The eyes were hemisected behind the ora serrata and the anterior portion of the eye removed. The eyecup was bisected along the plane of the optic disc and the two segments of retina peeled away from the RPE and incubated.

Qualitative and quantitative assessment of nailfold capillaries by capillaroscopy in healthy volunteers

VASA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoerth ◽  
Kundi ◽  
Katzenschlager ◽  
Hirschl
Keyword(s):  
Scoring System ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Connective Tissue Diseases ◽  
Capillary Density ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Extreme Position ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Diffuse Loss ◽  
Density Results

Background: Nailfold capillaroscopy (NVC) is a diagnostic tool particularly useful in the differential diagnosis of rheumatic and connective tissue diseases. Although successfully applied since many years, little is known about prevalence and distribution of NVC changes in healthy individuals. Probands and methods: NVC was performed in 120 individuals (57 men and 63 women; age 18 to 70 years) randomly selected according to predefined age and sex strata. Diseases associated with NVC changes were excluded. The nailfolds of eight fingers were assessed according to standardized procedures. A scoring system was developed based on the distribution of the number of morphologically deviating capillaries, microhaemorrhages, and capillary density. Results: Only 18 individuals (15 %) had no deviation in morphology, haemorrhages, or capillary density on any finger. Overall 67 % had morphological changes, 48 % had microhaemorrhages, and 40 % of volunteers below 40 years of age and 18 % above age 40 had less than 8 capillaries/mm. Among morphological changes tortous (43 %), ramified (47 %), and bushy capillaries (27 %) were the most frequently altered capillary types. A semiquantitative scoring system was developed in such a way that a score above 1 indicates an extreme position (above the 90th percentile) in the distribution of scores among healthy individuals. Conclusions: Altered capillaries occur frequently among healthy individuals and should be interpreted as normal unless a suspicious increase in their frequency is determined by reference to the scoring system. Megacapillaries and diffuse loss of capillaries were not found and seem to be of specific diagnostic value.

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