Household water treatment systems: A solution to the production of safe drinking water by the low-income communities of Southern Africa

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (14-15) ◽  
pp. 1120-1128 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.K. Mwabi ◽  
F.E. Adeyemo ◽  
T.O. Mahlangu ◽  
B.B. Mamba ◽  
B.M. Brouckaert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Household Water

scholarly journals Potential of ceramic and biosand water filters as low-cost point-of-use water treatment options for household use in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebele Erhuanga ◽  
Maingaila Moono Banda ◽  
Doutimiye Kiakubu ◽  
Isah Bolaji Kashim ◽  
Bioye Ogunjobi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Filter Design ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Water Filters

Abstract Many households in Nigeria lack access to safe drinking water. Sixty-three percent (63%) of the nation's population live in rural areas where only 3% of households have access to safely managed drinking water. This suggests an urgent need for intervention to offer sustainable solutions to drinking water needs at household levels. An operational research was commissioned by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Nigeria to generate evidence to inform and guide Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) programming on household water quality. This involved an assessment of local manufacturing of household water filters; factors influencing social acceptability and market opportunities for clay and biosand water filters in Nigeria. Implementation of the research recommendations by the filter factories resulted in improved bacterial removal efficiency (>97%) in filters. Factors such as filter design and efficiency were shown to influence acceptability of filters, which influenced the price at which users were willing to pay for the filters in the study areas. The market research indicated low popularity of the filters due to lack of promotion and marketing of the water filters. The research outcomes show great potential for sustainability and marketability of clay and biosand water filters for household water treatment in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Framework conditions to design sustainable business models for decentralised water treatment technologies in Viet Nam for international technology providers

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Fritz ◽  
Claudia Hohmann ◽  
Felix Tettenborn
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Simultaneous Increase ◽  
Viet Nam ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Framework Conditions

Abstract The expansion of water-intensive industrial activities and the impacts of climate change are jeopardising the sufficiency of safe drinking water in several Southeast Asian countries. One is Viet Nam, where geogenic arsenic contamination further limits the availability of freshwater resources with a simultaneous increase in water demand. Innovative and sustainable water treatment technologies are required to meet these challenges. Equally, we assume that the provision of safe drinking water requires tailored business models (BMs). In this study, we focus on the key stakeholders and framework conditions to design tailored BMs providing safe drinking water to the low-income and middle-income population in Viet Nam. We consider decentralised technologies to be suitable due to their lower investment costs for implementation and the avoidance of strong path dependencies. We therefore conducted a literature review and interviews with international experts in the domain of decentralised water treatment technologies. Our results show that relevant aspects include a lack of financial resources, specific characteristics associated with Vietnamese culture, e.g. the importance of relationships and trust in the business domain, lack of education and vocational training, market saturation suggesting co-operation with existing water suppliers, lack of suitable partners, and deficiencies in the institutional environment.

scholarly journals Advancing performance evaluation standards for household water treatment technologies

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brown ◽  
C. Farrow ◽  
E. A. McBean ◽  
B. Gharabaghi ◽  
J. Beauchamp
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Influent Concentration ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Regulatory Bodies

Abstract Diarrheal illnesses and fatalities continue to be major issues in many regions throughout the world. Household water treatment (HWT) technologies (including both point-of-use (POU) and point-of-entry (POE) treatment solutions) have been shown as able to deliver safe water in many low-income communities. However, as shown herein, there are important inconsistencies in protocols employed for validating performance of HWTs. The WHO does not stipulate influent concentration as a parameter that could influence removal efficacy, nor does it indicate an influent concentration range that should be used during technology evaluations. A correlation between influent concentration and removal is evidenced herein (R2 = 0.88) with higher influent concentrations resulting in higher log-removal values (LRVs). The absence of a recommended standard influent concentration of bacteria (as well as for viruses and protozoa) could have negative consequences in intervention efforts. Recommendations are provided that regulatory bodies should specify an influent concentration range for testing and verification of HWT technologies.

scholarly journals Promoting Household Water Treatment through Women's Self Help Groups in Rural India: Assessing Impact on Drinking Water Quality and Equity

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. e44068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Freeman ◽  
Victoria Trinies ◽  
Sophie Boisson ◽  
Gregory Mak ◽  
Thomas Clasen
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Self Help Groups

scholarly journals The drinking water response to the Indian Ocean tsunami, including the role of household water treatment

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Clasen ◽  
Lucy Smith ◽  
Jeff Albert ◽  
Andrew Bastable ◽  
Jean‐Francois Fesselet
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Household Water ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Water Response

scholarly journals The effectiveness of household water treatment and safe storage in improving drinking water quality: a disinfection by-product (DBP) perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 785-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Xiao ◽  
Youli Duan ◽  
Wenhai Chu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Safe Storage ◽  
Drinking Water Safety ◽  
Household Water

Abstract Serving as the last barrier to secure drinking water safety, household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) is perceived as an interim measure for removing pathogens from drinking water and reducing disease risk. In recent years, the application of HWTS has shown a growing trend, and its performance in controlling chemicals has also received much attention. Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed by the reaction of chemical disinfectants and precursors, and are present at sub-μg·L−1 or low-to-mid-μg·L−1 levels in drinking water. Although precursor control and disinfection operation modification could contribute to DBP mitigation to some degree, DBP removal after their formation emerges as an important strategy due to the ubiquitous existence of DBPs in distribution systems and tap water. In order to figure out how DBP concentrations vary during the residence time of drinking water in households, this review summarizes the effectiveness and mechanism of HWTS and combination technologies for DBP control in municipal tap water, and makes a comparison with regard to technologies implementing different removal mechanisms as well as DBPs possessing different natures. Based on these results, this article provides an insight into DBP risk assessment and human health protection.

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