Rioting for Representation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Risa J. Toha
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Political Competition ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
Political Transition ◽  
Local Elections ◽  
Common Occurrence ◽  
Political Transitions ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Political Exclusion ◽  
Administrative Units

Ethnic riots are a costly and all too common occurrence during political transitions in multi-ethnic settings.  Why do ethnic riots occur in certain parts of a country and not others? How does violence eventually decline? Drawing on rich case studies and quantitative evidence from Indonesia between 1990 and 2012, this book argues that patterns of ethnic rioting are not inevitably driven by inter-group animosity, weakness of state capacity, or local demographic composition.  Rather, local ethnic elites strategically use violence to leverage their demands for political inclusion during political transition and that violence eventually declines as these demands are accommodated. Toha breaks new ground in showing that particular political reforms—increased political competition, direct local elections, and local administrative units partitioning—in ethnically diverse contexts can ameliorate political exclusion and reduce overall levels of violence between groups.

Political Competition and Ethnic Riots in Democratic Transition: A Lesson from Indonesia

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Risa J. Toha
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Transition ◽  
Political Competition ◽  
Electoral Competition ◽  
Conventional Wisdom ◽  
District Level ◽  
Political Transition ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Political Exclusion ◽  
Democratic Elections

Conventional wisdom recognizes the prevalence of intergroup clashes during political transition. Most explanations of ethnic riots, however, are based on clashes in mature democracies, and are therefore silent on the dynamics at work during democratic transition. Using district-level data in Indonesia from 1990 through 2005, this article argues that riots tend to occur in ethnically divided districts with low electoral competition because uncompetitiveness in the first democratic elections signals continued regime entrenchment and local political exclusion. As such, riots often follow uncompetitive elections, and dissipate after elections become more competitive and opposition candidates secure electoral victory.

The Challenges of Civil Resistance Transitions

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-43
Author(s):  
Jonathan C. Pinckney
Keyword(s):  
Political Mobilization ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Political Transition ◽  
Political Transitions ◽  
Civil Resistance ◽  
Nonviolent Resistance ◽  
Novel Theory ◽  
Regime Types ◽  
Democratic Advantage ◽  
The Relationship

What are the effects of nonviolent (civil) resistance on political transitions? This chapter examines what we know about the relationship between nonviolent resistance and political order and uses that established knowledge to argue for a novel theory of civil resistance transitions. Civil resistance gives countries a democratic advantage relative to other ways of initiating a political transition. But that advantage must be carried through the uncertainty of the transitional period. Two key challenges can undermine this advantage: a failure to maintain high levels of social and political mobilization and a failure to direct mobilization away from revolutionary maximalist goals and tactics into new institutional avenues. The chapter details the mechanisms of civil resistance transitions that these challenges undermine and the unique regime types that variation in these challenges leads to.

Cambodia local polls could produce policy instability

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
General Election ◽  
Local Elections ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
People's Party ◽  
Election Result ◽  
Administrative Units

Subject Outlook for Cambodia's local elections on June 4. Significance Cambodia holds elections for commune/Sangkat councils on June 4, local administrative units consisting of clusters of villages. The election result will indicate the popularity of the two main political parties that will compete in the 2018 general election, the ruling Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) and the opposition Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP). Impacts Post-commune-election protests are likely, but will not reach the same height as after the 2013 election. Ahead of 2018, the CPP will push populist economic policies such as higher state officals pay to gain votes. Should the CNRP win the commune election, legislative instability may follow before the 2018 election.

Evaluating European Citizenship through participation of Non-National European Citizens in local elections: case studies of France and the UK

2013 ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Sue Collard
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Local Elections ◽  
European Citizenship ◽  
The Uk

<p>Veinte años después de la introducción de la Ciudadanía Europea, el Año Europeo de los Ciudadanos en 2013 ofrece una excelente oportunidad para analizar su impacto en el ciudadano de a pie. Uno de los derechos claves garantizados bajo este epígrafe fue el derecho de los Ciudadanos Europeos no-nacionales a votar y presentarse como candidatos a las elecciones locales en su Estado Miembro de residencia. Este artículo aborda la falta de investigaciones de carácter empírico sobre la utilización real de este derecho por los ciudadanos no nacionales de la UE, e innova realizando un primer paso hacia un análisis a nivel de la Unión Europea, basado en estudios de caso del Reino Unido y Francia. Mostrará el impacto de instituciones y procedimientos nacionales en los niveles de participación y abre vías para futuros análisis cualitativos a partir de los datos presentados aquí.</p><p><strong>Recibido</strong>: 02.11.2012<br /><strong>Aceptado</strong>: 08.02.2013</p>

scholarly journals Meta-Analysis to Determine the Effects of Plant Disease Management Measures: Review and Case Studies on Soybean and Apple

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry K. Ngugi ◽  
Paul D. Esker ◽  
Harald Scherm
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Evidence Synthesis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Plant Disease Management ◽  
Meta Analyses

The continuing exponential increase in scientific knowledge, the growing availability of large databases containing raw or partially annotated information, and the increased need to document impacts of large-scale research and funding programs provide a great incentive for integrating and adding value to previously published (or unpublished) research through quantitative synthesis. Meta-analysis has become the standard for quantitative evidence synthesis in many disciplines, offering a broadly accepted and statistically powerful framework for estimating the magnitude, consistency, and homogeneity of the effect of interest across studies. Here, we review previous and current uses of meta-analysis in plant pathology with a focus on applications in epidemiology and disease management. About a dozen formal meta-analyses have been published in the plant pathological literature in the past decade, and several more are currently in progress. Three broad research questions have been addressed, the most common being the comparative efficacy of chemical treatments for managing disease and reducing yield loss across environments. The second most common application has been the quantification of relationships between disease intensity and yield, or between different measures of disease, across studies. Lastly, meta-analysis has been applied to assess factors affecting pathogen–biocontrol agent interactions or the effectiveness of biological control of plant disease or weeds. In recent years, fixed-effects meta-analysis has been largely replaced by random- (or mixed-) effects analysis owing to the statistical benefits associated with the latter and the wider availability of computer software to conduct these analyses. Another recent trend has been the more common use of multivariate meta-analysis or meta-regression to analyze the impacts of study-level independent variables (moderator variables) on the response of interest. The application of meta-analysis to practical problems in epidemiology and disease management is illustrated with case studies from our work on Phakopsora pachyrhizi on soybean and Erwinia amylovora on apple. We show that although meta-analyses are often used to corroborate and validate general conclusions drawn from more traditional, qualitative reviews, they can also reveal new patterns and interpretations not obvious from individual studies.

Military parade in Mali: understanding Malian politics through spectacle

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-235
Author(s):  
Alioune Sow
Keyword(s):  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
Political Transition ◽  
The Political ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
African Continent ◽  
Democratic Transitions ◽  
Political Transitions ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Military

AbstractThis essay argues that the Independence Day's military parade in Mali has become a strategic site to negotiate fragile military and civil relations, and a repository to promote social change through the military experience. Drawing on field observations of the parade of the 50th anniversary of Independence in Bamako and the literature on political transitions, this essay demonstrates that military parades constitute meaningful sites for alternative engagements with democratic transitions. It examines the tactics and mechanisms deployed by the Malian national army to negotiate past human rights violations and authoritarian practices, as well as to seek the army's rehabilitation following the collapse of the military regime. By analysing military parades as a form and practice consolidating the ‘social contract’ between the army and the public after the political transition, this article contributes to the scholarship on transition and the study of military parades within the African continent.

scholarly journals Folk Artisans and Dissidence in the Nomadic Generation of the 1970s and 1980s

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-254
Author(s):  
Fruzsina Cseh
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Political Transition ◽  
The Political ◽  
General Picture ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Youth Subculture ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Life Courses

The dance house and folk artisans movements have developed into such a youth subculture in the cultural scope of the socialist Hungary, which the Kádárian cultural policy could support only partially, it was rather placed at the borderland between the ‘tolerated’ and ‘banned’ categories. The so-called Nomadic Generation was attached to the developing domestic dissident opposition just as well as to the cross border Hungarian intelligentsia through many threads, which seemed to be undesirable for those in power. This study outlines a general picture on the characteristics of the folklorist-movement of the 1970s and 1980s, thought to be dissident in nature, then it will show through examples of different life courses and case studies how the search for new paths materialized in folk handicrafts, and what impact this era exerted on the folk artisanship in the period after the political transition.

scholarly journals Counter-mapping citizenship: bordering through domicide in Calais, France

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis Van Isacker
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Free Movement ◽  
Social Communities ◽  
Border City ◽  
Irregular Migrants ◽  
Political Exclusion ◽  
Spatial Exclusion ◽  
The Uk

This thesis analyses how anti-migrant domicide functions as a technology of citizenship in Calais, France. Evictions, destructions, and securitisations exclude 'non-citizen' migrants from this border city, defining those allowed to exist within it as citizens by contrast. They also destroy the physical infrastructures, social communities, and political solidarities facilitating migrants' irregular journeys to the UK. Thus, the erasure of irregular migrants' autonomous home-spaces reproduces citizenship while reasserting it as the determinant of who can freely exist in, or move beyond, Calais. However, anti-migrant domicide also produces unconventional citizenships beyond nationality or status. The thesis analyses two examples---environmental and humanitarian citizenship---to show how citizen communities in Calais can reconfigure themselves around alternative, nominally more inclusive, sets of values while continuing to exclude irregular migrants. In these cases citizens define themselves either against migrants who are perceived as failing to fulfil citizenship's substantive criteria, or through migrants who are the object of citizen-defining humanitarian or environmentalist performances. While not immediately excluded by their status, migrants 'non-citizens' because of their racialisation in Calais' racist environment and how this has been compounded by the effects of domicide against them.Counter-mapping in this project takes three different forms: cartographic, presenting a map of domicide between 2009-19; narrative, elaborating descriptions of select case studies in Calais' anti-migrant domicidal history; and conceptual, demonstrating how citizenship is produced by these exclusionary spatial interventions. These three modes are combined to map how migrants' spatial exclusion from Calais' 'spaces of citizenship' and their socio-political exclusion reciprocally reinforce one-another.While countering progressive conceptions of citizenship by showing how all citizenship forms analysed in Calais are constituted through migrants' exclusion, the thesis raises questions for the continued invocation of citizenship politics in scholarly analyses of resistance to the border regime. It also argues for the need to (re)create spaces of anti-citizenship as part of struggles for free movement for all. These spaces prefigure coalitional relations beyond citizenship categories, and provide toe-holds from which to resist their institutionalisation in bordering technologies.

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