A Study of Selected Ethnic Affiliations in the Development of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Other Psychopathology After a Terrorist Bombing in Nairobi, Kenya

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-365
Author(s):  
Carol S. North ◽  
Tatiana Dvorkina ◽  
Samuel Thielman ◽  
Betty Pfefferbaum ◽  
Pushpa Narayanan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Us ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Terrorist Bombing

AbstractObjectivesDespite the frequency of disasters in Africa, almost nothing is known about ethnic affiliations in relation to psychopathology after such incidents. This study examined the mental health outcomes of members of 7 major ethnic groups exposed to the 1998 terrorist bombing of the US Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.MethodsApproximately 8 to 10 months after the disaster, 229 civilian employees, 99 locally engaged staff workers of the US State Department and the US Agency for International Development, and 64 workers of the Kenyan Red Cross Society (total N=392) were assessed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition). Additional data were gathered on demographic characteristics, disaster exposures and injuries, and ethnic affiliations.ResultsDisaster-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was significantly less prevalent among members of the Kikuyu group (28%) and post-disaster major depression was significantly more prevalent among members of the Meru group (64%), compared with all others in the sample. Preexisting psychopathology and disaster injury were independently associated with bombing-related psychopathology.ConclusionsFurther study of disaster-related psychopathology in relation to African ethnic affiliations is needed to better understand these associations and to assist in planning resources and interventions for African disaster survivors. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018; 12: 360–365)

scholarly journals Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptoms in Secondary Stalked Children of Danish Stalking Survivors—A Pilot Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 725
Author(s):  
Ask Elklit ◽  
Lene Vangsgaard ◽  
Anne Olsen ◽  
Sara Ali
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic

There is a lack of research examining secondary stalking and its effect on children who, in many cases, can be direct targets, or secondary survivors, of the stalking of their parent. The present study examines trauma reactions in children of stalking survivors in a Danish sample. It investigates the differences and similarities of such reactions across three age groups. Fifty-seven children were divided into groups depending on their age. The symptoms of the youngest group, 0–6-year-olds, were investigated by way of a maternal diagnostic interview. The two older groups, 7–11- and 12–19-year-olds completed the age-appropriate questionnaires, “Darryl” and “HTQ”, respectively, online. Twenty-two percent of the youngest group met the criteria for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Eighty-five percent of the middle age group and 58% of the older age group met PTSD diagnostic criteria. The findings illustrate that reactions to secondary stalking were predominantly within the arousal cluster of PTSD symptomology, with sleep disturbances and irritability commonly reported. The overall prevalence of children meeting PTSD diagnostic criteria in the sample was 56%. Future studies will benefit from larger samples and from knowledge of any pre-existing relationship between parent and stalker.

Psychiatric Disorders and Future Violent Arrests: A Prospective Study Among Detained Girls

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier F. Colins ◽  
Lore Van Damme
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Psychiatric Comorbidity ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Structured Diagnostic Interview ◽  
A Prospective Study

This study scrutinizes if detained girls with psychiatric disorders were at risk for future violent arrests during adolescence. A structured diagnostic interview was performed to determine the presence of various psychiatric disorders in 313 detained girls. Official juvenile arrest records were collected. With three exceptions that are in need of replication, psychiatric disorders (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder, subtypes of conduct disorder), psychiatric disorder categories (e.g., anxiety disorders), and psychiatric comorbidity patterns were not prospectively related to future violent arrests. Our findings suggest that detained girls with psychiatric disorders should not be considered more dangerous than their counterparts without disorders, at least not during adolescence.

scholarly journals Validity of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale in a sample of Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 205031211664390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana R Quiñones ◽  
Stephen M Thielke ◽  
Michael E Clark ◽  
Kristin M Phillips ◽  
Christine Elnitsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Post Traumatic

Objectives: Optimal depression screening necessitates measurement tools that are valid across varied populations and in the presence of comorbidities. Methods: This study assessed the test properties of two versions of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale against psychiatric diagnoses established by the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview among a clinical sample of US Veterans deployed during Operations Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom, and New Dawn. Participants (N = 359) recruited from two Department of Veterans Affairs hospitals completed a clinical interview, structured diagnostic interview, and self-reported measures. Results: Based on diagnostic interview and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition criteria, 29.5% of the sample met diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder and 26.5% met diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder. Both Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression-20 and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression-10 scales performed well and almost identically against the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview-major depressive disorder in identifying Veterans with major depressive disorder (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression-20 area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve 91%; Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression-10 area under the ROC curve 90%). Overall, higher cut points for the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scales performed better in correctly identifying true positives and true negatives for major depressive disorder (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression-20 cut point 18+ sensitivity 92% specificity 72%; Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression-10 cut point 10+ sensitivity 92% specificity 69%). Conclusions: The specificity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scales was poor among Veterans with co-occurring post-traumatic stress disorder (13% and 16%). Veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder who have a positive depression screen should have a more thorough assessment of mental health symptoms and comorbidities, rather than immediate diagnosis of and treatment for depression.

scholarly journals Accuracy of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 2.1) for diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder according to DSM-IV criteria

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 1312-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Inês Quintana ◽  
Jair de Jesus Mari ◽  
Wagner Silva Ribeiro ◽  
Miguel Roberto Jorge ◽  
Sergio Baxter Andreoli
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Dsm Iv

The objective was to study the accuracy of the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) section of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 2.1) DSM-IV diagnosis, using the Structured Clinical Interview (SCID) as gold standard, and compare the ICD-10 and DSM IV classifications for PTSD. The CIDI was applied by trained lay interviewers and the SCID by a psychologist. The subjects were selected from a community and an outpatient program. A total of 67 subjects completed both assessments. Kappa coefficients for the ICD-10 and the DSM IV compared to the SCID diagnosis were 0.67 and 0.46 respectively. Validity for the DSM IV diagnosis was: sensitivity (51.5%), specificity (94.1%), positive predictive value (9.5%), negative predictive value (66.7%), misclassification rate (26.9%). The CIDI 2.1 demonstrated low validity coefficients for the diagnosis of PTSD using DSM IV criteria when compared to the SCID. The main source of discordance in this study was found to be the high probability of false-negative cases with regards to distress and impairment as well as to avoidance symptoms.

Epidemiology of trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and co-morbid disorders in Chile

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 1523-1533 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARON ZLOTNICK ◽  
JENNIFER JOHNSON ◽  
ROBERT KOHN ◽  
BENJAMIN VICENTE ◽  
PEDRO RIOSECO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
And Gender

Background. In this study we examined the prevalence rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), types of trauma most often associated with PTSD, the co-morbidity of PTSD with other lifetime psychiatric disorders, which disorders preceded PTSD, and gender differences in PTSD and trauma exposure in a representative sample of Chileans.Method. The DSM-III-R PTSD and antisocial personality disorder modules from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) and modules for a range of DSM-III-R diagnoses from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) were administered to a representative sample of 2390 persons aged 15 to over 64 years in three cities in Chile.Results. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD was 4·4% (2·5% for men and 6·2% for women). Among persons exposed to trauma, rape was most strongly associated with PTSD. Onset of PTSD significantly increased the risk of developing each of the 10 other tested disorders. Among those exposed to trauma, women were significantly more likely to develop PTSD, after controlling for assaultive violence.Conclusions. This study highlights the importance of investigating the prevalence of PTSD, patterns of co-morbidity of PTSD, and gender differences in PTSD in non-English-speaking countries.

scholarly journals Post-traumatic stress after terrorist attack: psychological reactions following the US embassy bombing in Nairobi

2004 ◽  
Vol 185 (4) ◽  
pp. 328-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank G. Njenga ◽  
P. J. Nicholls ◽  
Caroline Nyamai ◽  
Pius Kigamwa ◽  
Jonathan R. T. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
College Education ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
The Us ◽  
Post Traumatic

BackgroundMost studies of post-traumatic stress disorder following terrorist attacks are of small samples in industrialised nations and take place months or years after the incident.AimsTo describe reactions following the US embassy bombing in Nairobi and the characteristic features of and risk factors for post-traumatic stress symptoms in a large, non-Western sample soon after the attack.MethodA self-report questionnaire which assessed potential risk factors and identified symptoms matching DSM–IV criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder was answered by 2883 Kenyans, 1–3 months after the bombing.ResultsSymptoms approximating to the criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder occurred in 35%. Factors associated with post-traumatic stress included female gender, unmarried status, lack of college education, seeing the blast, injury, not recovering from injury, not confiding in a friend, bereavement and financial difficulty since the blast. Many other factors were not significant.ConclusionsSpecific factors often cited to predict marked short-term post-traumatic stress were confirmed in this large, non-Western sample.

scholarly journals Effect of Chronic Low Back Pain and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder on the Risk for Separation from the US Army

2019 ◽  
Vol 184 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 431-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy M Benedict ◽  
Michael D Singleton ◽  
Arthur J Nitz ◽  
Tracie L Shing ◽  
Joseph R Kardouni
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Active Duty ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Us Army ◽  
The Us ◽  
Post Traumatic

AbstractIntroductionCo-morbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and low back pain (LBP) are common reasons for increased disability in the Veteran communities. Medical discharge from the military represents a considerable financial cost to society. Little is currently known about the impact of LBP and PTSD as longitudinal risk factors for medical discharge from Active Duty military service.Materials and MethodsA retrospective analysis of US Army Active Duty Soldiers from 2002 to 2012 was performed to determine the risk for medical discharge. Four levels of exposure for were identified as independent variables: no chronic LBP or PTSD, chronic LBP only, PTSD only, and co-morbid PTSD present with chronic LBP. Statistical analysis utilized modified Poisson regression controlling for sex, age, rank, time in service, deployment, mental health, sleep disorders, alcohol use, tobacco use, obesity, and military occupation. This study was approved by a Department of Defense Institutional Review Board.ResultsAfter controlling for potential confounding variables, the RR for chronic LBP and PTSD independently was 3.65 (95% CI: 3.59–3.72) and 3.64 (95% CI: 3.53–3.75), respectively, and 5.17 (95% CI: 5.01–5.33) when both were present.ConclusionsThis is the first study to identify a history of both chronic LBP and PTSD as substantial risk factors for medical discharge from the US Army. PTSD and chronic LBP may mutually reinforce one another and deplete active coping strategies, making Soldiers less likely to be able to continue military service. Future research should target therapies for co-morbid PTSD and chronic LBP as these conditions contribute a substantial increase in risk of medical discharge from the US Army.

scholarly journals MILITARY AUTOBIOGRAPHIES: ENCOURAGE, DISCOURAGE OR IGNORE?

2019 ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
ESMERALDA KLEINREESINK
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Military Organizations ◽  
Active Service ◽  
The Us ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Uk

Of every 6,000 soldiers deployed, one publishes an autobiographical book about their experiences shortly after the war. Military memoirs are therefore an inescapable consequence of deployments. How should defence organizations react to these soldier-authors: should they be encouraged, discouraged, or ignored? A substantiated answer to that question is given in this article by providing a profile of all writers of military Afghanistan memoirs from seven countries (the US, the UK, Germany, Canada, Australia, Belgium and the Netherlands) and the kind of plots they write. A small majority write positive plots. The negative ones specifically deal with disillusionment about the care the defence organization or society at large provided, and experiences with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). It is interesting that it proves to be possible to predict whether a writer will write a positive or a negative plot based on the type of work they do and whether they still work for the defence organization. Military organizations interested in getting positive books published are advised to particularly encourage writing by individually deployed personnel who work in combat support positions and are on active service.

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