scholarly journals Interpreting change through legal culture: the case of the Irish exclusionary rule

Legal Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Claire Hamilton

Abstract The changes to the Irish exclusionary rule introduced by the judgment in People (DPP) v JC mark an important watershed in the Irish law of evidence and Irish legal culture more generally. The case relaxed the exclusionary rule established in People (DPP) v Kenny, one of the strictest in the common law world, by creating an exception based on ‘inadvertence’. This paper examines the decision through the lens of legal culture, drawing in particular on Lawrence Friedman's distinction between ‘internal’ and ‘external’ legal culture to help understand the factors contributing to the decision. The paper argues that Friedman's concept and, in particular, the dialectic between internal and external legal culture, holds much utility at a micro as well as macro level, in interrogating the cultural logics at work in judicial decision-making.

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 181-204
Author(s):  
Kyle Scott

Only a few studies in political science in the past half decade have taken the decline in common law seriously. This paper assesses whether or not those of us in the discipline should take it seriously. This project employs an original index for the common law in order to assess to what degree a state’s definition of the law impacts judicial decision making. The results show that states with a greater commitment to the common law show greater regard for due process rights. This study concludes that a state’s definition of the law matters.


Author(s):  
Gerald J. Postema

Following his radical critique of Common Law, both as a system of laws and as a theory of adjudication, Bentham embarked on a career-long attempt to produce an alternative which more adequately meets the criteria of his background utilitarian theory. This chapter focuses on his theory of adjudication. In his view, the proper definition of the judicial role and a proper understanding of the nature, scope, and limits of judicial decision-making could only be achieved by attempting to solve central problems of the design of adjudicative institutions and procedures. The principle on which he based his construction of adjudicative institutions was drawn from his analysis of the defects of Common Law, especially his view that it is self-defeating to attempt to structure judicial decision-making by means of fixed rules in order to constrain arbitrariness and abuse of power.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Jane Stapleton

Chapter 1 describes the approach of reflexive tort scholarship and how it depends on a clear understanding of the environment of judicial decision-making. Part of that environment is the conception that judicial ‘lawmaking’ is ‘retrospective’, by which is usually meant that it is imposed retroactively. Yet retroactivity is in sharp tension with the fundamental principle that situations should be judged according to the law as it was at that time. To resolve this tension, the text offers a conception of the common law as ‘living’, that it evolves in line with changes in society. Later, litigation invites the ultimate court to articulate this evolution and how the law stood at the time that the parties interacted. The descriptive claims of Grand Theories are contrasted with reflexive tort scholarship, which accommodates key aspects of judicial decision-making, such as the heterogeneity of judicial reasons, in ways that those descriptive claims cannot.


2011 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
John Kong Shan Ho ◽  
Rohan Bruce Edward Price

AbstractSince 2001, a number of common law jurisdictions have initiated reforms to their charity law and the United Kingdom has taken the lead. This article examines what Hong Kong and Australia can learn from the United Kingdom in reforming their own outdated and fragmented charity laws. It is contended that the lessons and experiences of the United Kingdom provide good insights for Hong Kong and Australia as each jurisdiction anticipates implementing a broadly similar regime to the United Kingdom's to modernize regulation of their charity sectors. This article contends that there is no need to make a choice between retaining judicial decision-making over charities (inconsistent as it is) and establishing a type of charity commission which makes determining charitable status akin to a decision of a government department. Instead, Hong Kong and Australia can have charity commissions with missions that are sensitive to their own legal terrains but which are subject to judicial review.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Whalen-Bridge

Unrepresented parties in litigation struggle with legal doctrine and puzzle over procedure. Judges provide some assistance in court, but they must exercise restraint so as not to raise questions of bias or favouritism. How do judges manage these interactions in the decision-making process? This article examines sample cases from one common law jurisdiction, Singapore, to identify the litigant in person (LIP) typologies in court-LIP interactions. There are likely a number of typologies that guide a court’s assessment and response to an LIP, but this article focuses on the typologies most relevant to judicial decision-making on legal issues, legal knowledge and credibility. Because legal knowledge and credibility typologies help courts evaluate LIPs, they assist courts to make decisions regarding unrepresented parties and allow cases to proceed to judgment. However, the typologies are not able to completely address the deficiencies LIPs bring to the dispute resolution process.


1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
James G. Logie

One of the principal features in the development of private law in recent years has been the dramatic increase in the variety of circumstances in which courts are willing to hold that one party owes a duty of care in tort to another. The view that the categories of relationship which attract a duty of care at common law are immutably fixed by precedent and that any decision to extend them must be left to the legislature, expressed by one Law Lord as recently as 1970, now seems somewhat quaint and it is generally accepted that courts can, in appropriate cases, extend the scope of liability for negligence to embrace new types of relationships, conduct and harm. As the boundaries of liability have been rolled back, old immunities have been removed and duties of care (albeit sometimes restricted) have been established in areas previously considered to be beyond the scope of the law of tort. But there are still areas of confusion and difficulty, perhaps the most prominent of which in recent years have been the extent of liability for economic loss and for nervous shock. Another area of doubt, however, is the extent of liability for omissions. While it has not attracted as much attention as economic loss or nervous shock, the distinction between acts and omissions still exercises a powerful influence on judicial decision making on the question of tortious liability. This article considers the question of liability for one such omission, namely liability for a failure to warn someone of imminent danger. Before doing so, however, it is necessary to clarify exactly what is meant by an “omission.”


Author(s):  
Freya Baetens

This chapter explores the implications of adjudicators’ identity and diversity for the normative and sociological legitimacy of international courts and tribunals. It considers a range of elements that constitute a person’s identity, including gender, national origin, legal culture, religion, and ethnicity. In doing so, the chapter provides an overview of the volume’s contribution to the existing literature on matters of identity and diversity, focusing among other on appointment processes, judicial decision-making and adjudicators’ legacies. The chapter outlines the various justifications used to advocate greater diversity, highlights the relevance of institutional frameworks, and engages with the question whether the pursuit of diversity risks affecting quality. It analyses existing and emerging regulation as well as practices relating to diversity, in search of the reasons for its lack on international benches. Finally, it outlines the tripartite structure underlying the volume (the importance of an adjudicator’s identity before, during, and after their time on the bench), explains how the individual chapters fit into this framework and sets out how future scholarship may build on the present research findings.


Author(s):  
Carrie Menkel-Meadow

This article reviews the claims about rates of litigation in the United States, as either “too much” or “too little” (e.g. “The Vanishing Trial”). While we need to understand aggregate litigation rates to assess access to justice, it may be more important to understand litigation rates in the context of differentiated case types. Litigation, in some cases, produces too “brittle” (binary) or costly outcomes, which is what led to the American “A” (alternative/appropriate) Dispute Resolution movement. This movement (now moving across the globe) may provide “process pluralism” with greater flexibility in outcome and cost variations, (now often called “a”ccesible dispute resolution”). However, litigation is still important in a variety of justice-seeking contexts (e.g. for new rights creation, old rights enforcement, and precedent elaboration). This article suggests that the question of how much litigation is appropriate in any legal culture is dependent on a variety of factors that goes beyond simple aggregate counting. The article concludes with a critique of recent American legal practices in restricting litigation through mandatory arbitration, non-disclosure agreements, class action limitations, privatized mass claim settlements, and restrictive jurisdictional interpretations in judicial decision making and legislation. Este artículo repasa las afirmaciones de que hay “demasiados” o “demasiado pocos” litigios en los EE. UU. Si bien es necesario entender las proporciones de litigios agregados para evaluar el acceso a la justicia, tal vez sea más importante entender las proporciones de litigios en el contexto de tipos de casos diferenciados. En algunas ocasiones, los litigios producen resultados demasiado “frágiles” (binarios) o costosos, lo cual originó el movimiento llamado “American ‘A’ (alternativo/adecuado) Dispute Resolution”. Este movimiento, ahora en expansión por todo el mundo, puede proporcionar “pluralismo procesal” de forma más flexible con diferentes resultados y costes (lo que ahora se denomina “resolución de conflictos ‘a’ccesible”). Sin embargo, el acto de litigar sigue siendo importante en varios contextos de búsqueda de justicia (por ej., para crear nuevos derechos, para aplicación de viejos derechos, y para la elaboración precedente). Este artículo da a entender que la proporción de litigios apropiada en cualquier cultura jurídica depende de varios factores más allá de un recuento. Se concluye con una crítica de prácticas jurídicas recientes en América, consistentes en la restricción del litigio por arbitraje obligatorio, acuerdos de confidencialidad, limitaciones en demandas colectivas, liquidación de reclamaciones colectivas e interpretaciones jurisdiccionales restrictivas en la toma de decisiones judiciales y en la legislación.


Author(s):  
Ben Depoorter ◽  
Paul H. Rubin

One of the most illustrious normative claims in the law and economics literature, originating with Posner and supported by models of evolutionary legal change, posits that a system of judge-made law offers efficiency advantages over statute-based systems. In recent years, however, scholarship has identified aspects of common law systems that undermine the optimism about judge-made efficiency. This chapter reviews the original economic literature on the efficiency of the common law and then describes supply- and demand-side obstacles to efficient judge-made law. On the supply side, a rich body of literature on judicial decision-making and judicial attitudes casts doubt on the ability as well as the motivations of courts to bring about efficient precedent. Demand-side complications include interest group effects, plaintiff selection effects, information selection effects, settlement selection effects, and procedural factors.


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