The responses of growing pigs to dietary lysine, as free lysine hydrochloride or in soya-bean meal, and the influence of food intake

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Fuller ◽  
J. Wood ◽  
A. C. Brewer ◽  
K. Pennie ◽  
R. MacWilliam
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Lysine Concentration ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTOne hundred and ninety-two individually fed pigs, half of them castrated males and half females, were used to examine the effects of reducing the concentration of dietary lysine below the value of 0·84 g/MJ digestible energy suggested by the Agricultural Research Council (1981). Lysine was varied by altering the inclusion of either free lysine hydrochloride or soya-bean meal. Over the whole experiment from 18 to 65 kg live weight, there were significant reductions in live-weight gain and increases in food: gain ratio in response to reducing lysine concentration; these changes were greater with soya-bean meal than with free lysine. During later growth (45 to 65 kg) alterations in lysine concentration had no significant effect.For pigs given soya-bean supplements, both the live weights after fasting and the carcass weights were significantly lower than for those given free lysine hydrochloride, suggesting that at least part of the difference in growth between pigs given free lysine hydrochloride and soya-bean was attributable to this difference. The food required per kg carcass weight gain, or per kg lean tissue gain, was not affected by the source of lysine.In a subsidiary experiment using nitrogen balance, supplements of five amino acids in addition to lysine did not increase nitrogen retention, providing further evidence that lysine was the only amino acid responsible for the response seen with soya-bean meal. It was concluded that for growing pigs with daily food intakes of 1·5 to 1·8 kg, a lysine concentration of at least 0·81 g/MJ digestible energy is required to maximize performance.

Further comparisons of energy and protein sources for growing cattle

1985 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Smith ◽  
J. W. Siviter ◽  
R. J. Merry
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

SummarySpring-barley straw or maize silage were the major components in mixed diets of compound and forage fed to yearling dairy heifers. With straw, rolled barley was fed either alone or with fishmeal, soya-bean meal, protected soya-bean meal, whey + urea or Ewoplua (a product made from whey and rich in lactosyl urea). With maize silage the rolled barley was fed either alone or with fishmeal, whey + urea or Ewoplus.When straw was included in the diet fishmeal and protected soya-bean meal increased live-weight gain, and all the supplements increased nitrogen retention. When maize silage was fed, only fishmeal increased live-weight gain although all the supplements increased digestibility. Concentrations of rumen NH3-N were increased by all the supplements, when fed with straw, and also by maize silage when fed without an N supplement or with fishmeal. Small changes were noted in total and molar proportions of VFA.Calculated ME intakes suggested a more efficient use of energy for growth from maize silage than from straw, except when the straw diet was supplemented with fishmeal.

Digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids in soya-bean, sunflower, meat and rapeseed meals measured with pigs and poultry

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Green ◽  
T. Kiener
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTIn order to determine the relative digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids in foodstuffs for pigs and poultry, and the effects of manufacturing methods, equal quantities of soya-bean meal, sunflower meals [hulled (sunflower meal 1) and dehulled (sunflower meal 2)], meat meals [made with (meat meal 1), and without (meat meal 2), blood added at 250 g/kg meat tissue (wet weights)] and rapeseed meals [seeds heated at 80°C (rapeseed meal 1) or 100°C (rapeseed meal 2)] were mixed with protein-free ingredients. The diets were given to five growing pigs with ileo-rectal anastomoses, and, by crop-intubation, to 12 caecectomized and 12 intact cocks. Excreta were collected over 48-h periods. Endogenous excretion was estimated by giving protein-free diets.In the order, soya-bean meal, sunflower meals 1, and 2, meat meals 1, and 2, rapeseed meals 1, and 2, true digestibilities were: with pigs, of nitrogen, 0·81, 0·80, 0·79, 0·64, 0·79, 0·73, 0·70 (s.e.d. 0·030), of lysine, 0·84, 0·83, 0·84, 0·65, 0·84, 0·76, 0·72 (s.e.d. 0·032); with caecectomized birds, of nitrogen, 0·92, 0·91, 0·91, 0·66, 0·78, 0·74, 0·75 (s.e.d. 0·018), of lysine 0·92, 0·91, 0·93, 0·62, 0·79, 0·70, 0·70 (s.e.d. 0·020); with intact birds, values were similar to those with caecectomized birds for soya-bean, and the sunflower meals, but lesser for meat meals 1 and 2; the solubilities of nitrogen in pepsin were 0·96, 0·92, 0·93, 0·80, 0·89, 0·87, 0·87.Two hundred and eighty pigs (initial live weights 10 kg) were used to compare growth response to free lysine with that to lysine in soya-bean meal and sunflower meal 2. Lysine availabilities, assessed by analyses of regressions of live-weight gain against lysine intake were 0·82 (s.e. 0·12) for soya-bean meal, and 0·82 (s.e. 0·18) for sunflower meal 2.Amino acid digestibilities of the sunflower meals were similar to those of soya-bean meal, and were not influenced by dehulling; values for the rapeseed meals were lower, and unaffected by differences in heating severity; values for the meat meal were reduced by blood addition. Values differed between pigs and poultry, but there was consistency in the extent to which each species discriminated between some foodstuffs. The pepsin test was insensitive. The large standard errors associated with availability values prevented meaningful comparisons with digestibility values.

Responses of British Friesian steers with or without implants of oestradiol-17β to undegradable dietary protein

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Newbold ◽  
P. C. Garnsworthy ◽  
P. J. Buttery ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
W. Haresign
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Protein Nutrition ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
Degradable Protein

AbstractThe ability of the protein nutrition scheme proposed by the Agricultural Research Council (ARC, 1980, 1984) to predict responses to protein supply was examined in two experiments. In experiment 1, groups of nine British Friesian steers implanted with oestradiol-17β and nine non-implanted steers were fed from 133 to 300 kg live weight on each of four all-concentrate diets (metabolizable energy (ME) = 12 MJ/kg dry matter (DM)) containing ratios of soya-bean meal and formaldehyde-treated soya-bean meal such that undegradable protein (UDP) concentration was 19, 25, 32 or 42 g/kg DM. Rumen degradable protein (RDP) concentration was relatively constant (111 to 116 g/kg DM). Implantation did not affect DM intake (DMI, g/kg M0·75). Both live-weight gain (LWG) and food conversion efficiency (FCE) (LWG/DMI) were greater (P < 0·05) for the implanted cattle (LWG = 1·41 (s.e. 0·04) kg/day; FCE = 0·24 (s.e. 0·02)) than for the non-implanted cattle (LWG = 1·23 (s.e. 0·05) kg/day; FCE = 0·22 (s.e. 0·02)). There were no dietary effects on either DMI or FCE. In the non-implanted steers, UDP did not affect LWG but, for the implanted steers, there were positive, linear responses in LWG to both UDP concentration (P = 0·048) and UDP intake (P = 0·026). In experiment 2, groups of eight implanted steers were fed from 132 to 300 kg live weight on each of six diets (ME = 12 MJ/kg DM, soya-bean meal and formaldehyde-treated soya-bean meal as chief protein sources) supplying 17, 26, 34, 39, 54 and 82 g UDP per kg DM and concentrations of RDP up to 1·5 times ARC recommendations. There was no effect of UDP on either DMI or FCE but positive, linear responses in LWG to both UDP concentration (P = 0·019) and UDP intake (P = 0·010). In both experiments, mean DMI exceeded that predicted by ARC (1980) (P < 0·05). LWG predicted by the ME system and the ARC protein scheme was not significantly different from observed LWG for non-implanted steers, but was an underestimate of observed LWG for implanted steers (P = 0·002 in experiment 1, P < 0·001 in experiment 2). Observed responses in LWG to UDP concentration were also poorly predicted (regressions of observed on predicted LWG: experiment 1, r2 = 0·12, residual s.d. = 0·126; experiment 2, r2 = 0·004, residual s.d. = 0·119). It was concluded that oestradiol-17p has significant effects on responses in LWG to UDP, which are not predicted by the current ARC (1980, 1984) protein nutrition scheme.

A comparison of sources of supplementary nitrogen for young cattle receiving fibre-rich diets

1980 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Smith ◽  
Valerie J. Broster ◽  
R. E. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Young Cattle ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Protein Supply

SUMMARYFishmeal, soya-bean meal and urea were compared as nitrogen sources in diets rich in fibre for yearling cattle, using feeding trials and digestibility and nitrogen retention studies. All animals were individually fed. Diets supplemented with fishmeal supported the highest rates of daily live-weight gain and nitrogen retention. There was no response in dry-matter intake and digestibility from extra nitrogen, either from fishmeal or urea, when the crude protein of the diet was 8·5% or over, and a small response in digestibility when soya-bean meal was used.Molar proportions of VFA, rumen NH3-N concentrations and blood urea nitrogen concentrations were all affected by both amount and source of nitrogen supplementation. Multiple regression analysis showed the undegradable protein supply to be more critical with high than with low fibre diets.

Effect of yeast culture on rumen fermentation, microbial protein flow from the rumen and live-weight gain in bulls given high cereal diets

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. El Hassan ◽  
C. J. Newbold ◽  
I. E. Edwards ◽  
J. H. Topps ◽  
R. J. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Yeast Culture ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Cane Molasses ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractFour groups each of eight Limousin × Friesian bulls, average weight 344 kg, were offered individuallyad libitumdiets comprising: 920 g rolled barley, 50 g cane molasses, 15 g urea and 15 g minerals/vitamins mix per kg or 867·5 g rolled barley, 50 g cane molasses, 7·5 g urea, 60 g soya-bean meal and 15 g minerals/vitamins mix per kg, plus or minus yeast culture (YC, 1·5 kg/t) (all weights fresh weights), until slaughter (460 kg). Rumen samples were obtained by stomach tube. YC decreased rumen ammonia concentrations (116·7, 56·0, 74·3, 45·7 (s.e.d. 19·40) mg/l for barley/urea, barky/urea/YC, barley/soya-bean meal and barley/soya-bean meal/YC, respectively). This was associated with increases (P < 0·05) in both the total number of bacteria (2·3, 4·2, 3·5, 6·8 (s.e.d. 1·06) × 109per ml, respectively) and the protein content of rumen fluid (7·7, 9·6, 8·7, 9·0 (s.e.d. 0·59) g/l, respectively). However, the flow of microbial protein from the rumen as estimated from the appearance ofpurine derivatives in the urine was unaffected (131, 130, 129, 147 (s.e.d. 12·6) g N per day, respectively). Thus although the animals responded to the undegradable rumen protein supplied by the soya-bean meal there was no significant response in live-weight gain with YC (1·28, 1·31, 1·42, 1·48 (s.e.d. 0·081) kg/day, respectively).

scholarly journals The effect on protein utilization of feeding different protein supplements via the rumen or via the abomasum in young growing sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 803-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
C. Fraser ◽  
Elizabeth L. Corse
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Liquid Suspension ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. Sixteen lambs were used to compare two methods of administering various protein supplements to weaned lambs. In one method the protein supplement was mixed with the dry feed, consisting mainly of rolled barley, so that it passed to the rumen. In the second method the supplement was suspended in water which the lambs were trained to suck from a bottle; the suspension then passed directly to the abomasum by way of the oesophageal groove and so escaped rumen fermentation.2. When the protein supplements were given in amounts that provided less than the estimated protein requirement of the animals, giving the liquid suspension led to significantly lower urinary nitrogen excretion (P < 0.001), greater nitrogen retention (P<0.05) and greater live-weight gain (0.05<P<0.1) than giving the feed in the dry form.3. The body-weight gain was greater with white fish meal than with casein (P<0.05) and soya-bean meal (P<0.001), whichever method of feeding was adopted. There was no significant interaction between method of feeding and protein source, but the faecal nitrogen excretion was highest when soya-bean meal was given in liquid suspension.4. From a regression of nitrogen retention on nitrogen intake with lambs receiving the basal ration only, it was calculated that the improvement in retention of the protein supplement effected by giving it in liquid suspension was 31 % for casein, 27 % for fish meal and 24 % for soya-bean meal.

Effects of omitting lysine from diets conforming to Agricultural Research Council (1981) standards for pigs

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Fuller ◽  
A. Cadenhead ◽  
K. Pennie
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTEight diets based on barley and soya bean meal were formulated. Two basal diets, one of which included fish meal, were formulated to conform to the recommendations of the Agricultural Research Council (1981) for all amino acids except lysine. Four further diets were made by adding L-lysine to these diets, in two increments; the highest concentrations of lysine were also supplied in two further diets by the inclusion of a higher proportion of soya bean meal. Each diet was given ad libitum to 10 growing pigs, five castrated males and five females, which were housed and fed individually.Measurements of performance were made over the weight range 22 to 55 kg. Carcasses were appraised after slaughter at a mean weight of 75 kg.Addition of lysine, but not of soya bean meal, significantly increased daily food intake and carcass fatness. Daily growth and food conversion efficiency were not significantly affected. Because of the high food intake the daily lysine intakes on the basal diets greatly exceeded the suggested daily requirement and the results indicate that in such circumstances the response to the amino acid supplementation of an apparently inadequate protein may be negligible.

Studies on the nutrition of ruminants. 3. The substitution of soya bean meal by urea in diets containing ground roughage and cereal

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Swan ◽  
G. E. Lamming
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Thirty-two yearling Friesian steers were used in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment. The treatment variables were source of supplementary nitrogen and physical form of the diet. The diets contained 30% ground barley straw, ground maize, a nitrogen supplement, and minerals and vitamins. Urea was compared with soya bean meal as the nitrogen supplement and both diets were given as cubes or meal. There was no significant difference between treatments in daily live-weight gain, feed intake or commercial carcass acceptability.Digestibility trials with wethers showed the apparent digestibility of nitrogen and dry matter of the diet containing urea to be significantly lower than that of the diet containing soya bean meal (nitrogen 72·8 ν. 76·3, P < 0·001; dry matter 70·2 ν. 75·3, P < 0·01). The results are discussed in relation to the digestibility of the diets used, the source of supplementary nitrogen and the physical form of the diet.

The response of the muscles of weanling Large White × Landrace pigs to methionine and palm-oil supplementation to cassava flour-soya-bean meal diet

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 757-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. O. Balogun ◽  
B. L. Fetuga ◽  
V. A. Oyenuga
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Large White ◽  
Cassava Flour ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

It was observed in a recently concluded study (O. O. BalogunandB. L. Fetuga, unpublished data) that methionine and palm-oil supplementation to a cassava flour-soya-bean meal diet encouraged satisfactory growth, efficiency of live-weight gain, nitrogen retention and carcass quality of weanling pigs. Our earlier reports (Balogun & Fetuga, 1981; Balogun, Fetuga & Oyenuga, 1982) also indicated that the muscles of pigs responded differently to dietary methionine and lysine and that the quantitative requirements of these amino acids for maximum development of the muscles were at variance with the methionine or lysine requirements for maximum growth performance and nitrogen retention.

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