The effect of milk substitute input during calfhood on the lifetime performance of beef cattle

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. J. Steen
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Lifetime Performance ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTThree randomized-block experiments involving 87 British Friesian, 18 Simmental × Friesian and 18 Hereford × Friesian, artificially reared calves (mean initial live weight 47 kg and age 9 days), were carried out to examine the effects of the quantity of milk substitute consumed on the lifetime performance of beef cattle. The three treatments were (1) 400 g milk powder per head daily, weaned at 42 days of age (2) ad libitum intake of milk powder, weaned at 42 days and (3) ad libitum intake of milk powder, weaned at 60 days. All calves were individually penned and fed until after weaning; those on treatment 1 were bucket fed twice daily, while those on treatments 2 and 3 sucked the milk from 25·1 containers through artificial teats. They were offered a pelleted, barley/soya-bean meal concentrate (197 g crude protein per kg dry matter (DM)) ad libitum from purchase until intake reached a maximum of 2·7 kg per head daily, and well preserved grass silage ad libitum from 6 weeks of age. Three commercial, skimmed milk-based, acidified milk substitutes (242 and 187 g crude protein and oil per kg respectively) were used. Intakes of milk substitute, concentrate DM and silage DM per calf to 12 weeks of age for treatments 1 to 3 respectively were as follows: 13·0, 39·7 and 54·8 (s.e. 1·67) kg; 88, 73 and 58 (s.e. 1·5) kg and 9·4, 10·6 and 11·2 (s.e. 0·23) kg. Live-weight gains to 12 weeks of age and carcass weights adjusted to 19 months of age were 0·71, 0·82 and 0·84 (s.e. 0·026) kg/day and 335, 340 and 341 (s.e. 3·8) kg. It is concluded that increasing the input of milk substitute above 400 g per head daily until 6 weeks of age produced only a small and uneconomic increase in the lifetime performance of beef cattle.

The effect of milk substitute input on the lifetime performance of calves reared for beef production

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 108-108
Author(s):  
R. W. J. Steen
Keyword(s):  
Milk Powder ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Lifetime Performance ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Group 2

A randomised block experiment, involving 126 British Friesian and Friesian cross beef male calves which were initially 46.7 kg and 10 days old, has been carried out to examine the effects of the quantity of milk substitute consumed per calf on the lifetime performance of calves reared for beef production. The three treatments were (1) 400 g milk powder per head daily, weaned at 6 weeks old (2) ad libitum intake of milk powder, weaned at 6 weeks (3) ad libitum intake of milk powder, weaned at 8.5 weeks. Calves on treatment 1 were bucket fed twice daily, while those on treatments 2 and 3 suckled the milk from teats. The calves were purchased in three groups in (1) October, 1983 (2) December, 1983 and (3) February, 1984. Three commercial brands of acidified milk substitute were used, one for each group. All animals were individually penned until after weaning. They were offered a pelleted concentrate, based on barley and soyabean meal, ad libitum from two weeks old until intake reached a maximum of 2.7 kg per head daily. Hay was offered ad libitum to six weeks of age and well preserved grass silage was offered ad libitum thereafter. Group 1 calves were on an 18 month grass/cereal beef system, group 2 on a 22 month grass system and group 3 on a 15 month silage/ cereal system. The chemical compositions of the milk substitutes, concentrate and silage are given in Table 1.

The artificial rearing of calves and their growth on grass diets: I. The effect of type and temperature of milk substitute given ad libitum

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Tayler ◽  
C. R. Lonsdale
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Artificial Rearing ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Ad Libitum

SUMMARYTwo experiments were carried out to study the effect of the ad libitum feeding of whole-milk substitutes, either warm or cold, and the availability of drinking water, on the level of food intake and live-weight gain of calves. Freshly cut grass or pasture was the sole source of solid feed.In Exp. 1 forty Hereford x Friesian male calves were reared individually indoors in a 2x2x2 factorial design experiment. The treatments were full-cream milk powder υ milk substitute, temperature at which the milk was offered, and drinking water υ no drinking water available to the calves. Fresh grass was cut daily and fed ad libitum to all animals from the sixth day of treatment.In Exp. 2, twelve Hereford x Friesian male calves were reared at pasture on warm or cold full-cream milk during weeks 1–7, and on milk substitute during weeks 8–15.During both experiments calves receiving warm milk drank slightly more than calves receiving cold milk; this difference was significant in Exp. 1 only. There was a tendency for calves receiving cold milk to make higher live-weight gains (0·05 < P < 0·1) when drinking water was available than when it was not. In Exp. 1, the rates of live-weight gain of calves receiving warm or cold milk substitute with drinking water available were 0·99 and 0·89 kg/head/day, respectively: for calves receiving full-cream milk powder the corresponding rates were 0·86 and 0·80 kg/head/day. When drinking water was not available the rates of gain of calves on warm or cold milk substitute were respectively 0·93 and 0·82 kg/head/day, and on full-cream milk powder, 0·94 and 0·55 kg/head/day.In Exp. 2 the rate of live-weight gain measured during the first 7 weeks, whilst calves were receiving full-cream milk powder, was 0·88 kg/head/day irrespective of the temperature at which the milk was given. During weeks 8–14 milk substitute was given, which resulted in rates of live-weight gain of 1·05 kg/head/day for calves receiving warm milk and 0–92 kg/head/day for calves receiving cold.The rates of gain attained on cold milk are considered adequate for rearing calves intended for an intensive system of production. It is also suggested that the use of cold milk could facilitate a marked decrease in the daily labour requirements associated with the artificial rearing of calves.

Effect of protein level in cereal based rations for Continental cross Holstein bulls and heifers

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 114-114
Author(s):  
S.P Marsh ◽  
E Walters
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Holstein Bulls ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

The use of barley and a protein supplement such as soya bean meal as an ad libitum ration for intensively finished male beef calves has been well established and widely used since the conception of the cereal beef system in the 1960’s (Preston et al 1963). Rations on commercial beef units rearing Continental cross Holstein beef cattle are usually formulated to contain 175g CP/kg DM. With the recent fall in the price of barley there is increased interest in the cereal beef system for bull calves and late maturing Continental cross Holstein heifers. Increasing the proportion of barley in cereal beef rations can reduce ration costs and provided productivity is maintained, increase profit. There is also a paucity of information on the performance of heifers on the cereal beef system. The objective of this study was to evaluate feeding cereal based rations containing either 140 or 175g CP/kg DM to Continental cross Holstein bulls and heifers.

Feed Additives for Fattening Cattle

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 112-112
Author(s):  
M. Kay ◽  
P.J. Broadbent ◽  
E.A. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Daily Gain

Feed additives are widely used in beef production systems. Two trials were made to measure the effect of feed additives on the daily gain and feed efficiency of fattening beef cattle. In the first trial 48 Friesians and 48 weaned suckled calves weighing about 390 kg were fed individually on grass silage ad libitum together with 4 kg (Friesians) and 3 kg (weaned calves) bruised barley daily. The treatments were control (C), no additive; Avotan 150 mg/d (A); Flavomycin 45 mg/d (F) and Romensin 200 mg/d (R). Minerals and vitamins were given daily on the silage. In the second trial there were 240 Friesian and Exotic x Friesian bulls. They were housed on slats in groups of 15 and offered a mixture of bruised barley and soya bean meal ad libitum. The treatments were control, no additive; Flavomycin 50 mg/d, Romensin 210 mg/d and Salinomycin 150 mg/d. In trial 1 the steers were implanted with Ralgro and the heifers with Finaplix. No implants were used in the second trial. All the animals were weighed regularly and feed intake was recorded continuously. They were slaughtered when they achieved the required conformation and fat cover.

The direct and residual effects of the plane of nutrition of calves in early life on physical performance and gains in chemical composition

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 110-110
Author(s):  
D C Patterson ◽  
R H J Steen
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Representative Samples

The direct, residual and overall effects of the plane of nutrition of calves in early life were investigated with a factorial arrangement of high, medium and low planes of nutrition (H, M and L respectively) imposed from 2 to 14 weeks of age (Period 1) and high and low planes of nutrition (H and L respectively) from 14 to 26 weeks (Period 2). A common high plane of nutrition was offered from 26 weeks of age until the mean slaughter live weight of 527 kg. The planes of nutrition were based on appropriate fixed allowances of concentrates and good quality silage offered ad libitum apart from the first half of Period 1 where appropriate allowances of milk substitute were offered and the roughage was hay. In addition to the final slaughter point, representative samples of three calves per treatment were also slaughtered at the start of the experiment and at the end of Periods 1 and 2 and crude protein, total lipid and ash were determined. Energy contents of the tissues were also estimated from protein and lipid analyses.

scholarly journals Phosphorus studies in pigs

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. P. Ketaren ◽  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
E. Belinda Dettmann ◽  
D. J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Two experiments were conducted (1) to determine the effects of phytase (EC 3.1.3.26) on the digestibility and availability of P in soya-bean meal for growing pigs and (2) to compare growth v. digestibility variables for assessing the availability of P. In the first experiment the effect of phytase on P availability was assessed in a growth assay using a slope–ratio design of treatments. Two different levels of either monosodium phosphate (MSP) or soya-bean meal were added to a basal sugar–soya-bean-meal diet (2·5 g P/kg) to give two levels of P (g/kg): 3·25 and 4·0 for each source. An additional five diets were supplemented with phytase. The ten diets were offered ad lib. for 35 d to female pigs initially weighing 20 kg live weight. In addition, the relative effectiveness of different variables for assessing P availability were compared: bone bending moment, ash in various bones, and ash and P in the empty body. The addition of phytase increased growth rate (g/d) (741 v. 835; P < 0·05), lowered the food conversion ratio (2·37 v. 2·16; P < 0·01), and increased protein deposition (g/d) (108 v. 123; P < 0·05), protein retention (kg/kg) (0·33 v. 0·36; P < 0·05), energy retention (MJ gross energy/MJ digestible energy) (0·36 v. 0·38; P < 0·05) and the availability of P in soya-bean meal from 0·11 to 0·69 when bone bending moment was the criterion of availability. All other criteria for assessing availability were unsuitable. In the second experiment the availability of (P) in soya-bean meal was assessed in a digestibility experiment with grower pigs using diets 1–5 as for Expt 1 arranged in a slope–ratio design of treatments. In addition, the effects of phytase supplementation on the apparent digestibility of P, dry matter, crude protein (N × 6·25) and energy were determined. The diets were offered at three times maintenance energy requirements to male pigs initially weighing approximately 30 kg live weight and total collection of faeces was conducted over a 10 d period. The availability of P in the soya-bean meal was 0·66 using digestible P intake as the criterion of response. The apparent digestibility of P in soya-bean meal was 0·42. Phytase supplementation increased the apparent digestibility of soya-bean meal P to 0·69 (P < 0·01) but had no effect on the faecal digestibility of dry matter or crude protein. Overall these experiments indicate that (1) estimates of P digestibility and availability were unlikely to be interchangeable and (2) phytase was effective in releasing much of the bound P in soya-bean meal.

The effect of level of protein supplementation on the performance and carcass composition of young bulls given grass silage ad libitum

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. J. Steen
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Total N ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTTwo experiments have been carried out to examine the effects of the level of protein supplementation given with grass silage-based diets on the performance and carcass composition of bulls, and to compare diets based on silage and dried forage. The five treatments used consisted of grass silage offered ad libitum and supplemented with 2·5 kg dry matter (DM) of barley-based concentrates containing (1) zero (2) 200 (3) 400 and (4) 600 g soya-bean meal per kg and (5) artificially dried grass and hay supplemented with 3·2 kg concentrate DM. The silages used in both experiments were well preserved, containing on average 200 g DM per kg; 140 g crude protein (CP) per kg DM; 63 g ammonia-nitrogen per kg total N and 731 g digestible organic matter per kg DM. The bulls were of late-maturing breed type and were initially 12 months old and 412 and 405 kg live weight in experiments 1 and 2 respectively. For treatments 1, 2, 4 and 5 in experiment 1 respectively (treatment 3 was not used) total DM intakes were 8·3, 8·3, 81 and 110 (s.e. 0·21) kg/day; CP intakes 1063, 1271, 1664 and 1539g/day; metabolizable energy intakes (MEI) 98, 99, 96 and 87 MJ/day; carcass weights 317, 316, 317 and 316 (s.e. 3·2) kg; carcass saleable meat concentrations 714, 712, 718 and 716 (s.e. 5·8) g/kg and carcass fat trims 73, 81, 73 and 68 (s.e. 3·9) g/kg. In experiment 2 for treatments 1 to 5 respectively total DM intakes were 8·3, 8·5, 8·3, 8·4 and 11·2 (s.e. 0·26) kg/day; CP intakes were 1090, 1329, 1504, 1720 and 1561 g/day; MEI 102, 106, 103, 103 and 94 MJ/day; carcass weights 318, 331, 330, 327 and 321 (s.e. 3·3) kg; carcass saleable meat concentrations 726, 721, 725, 721 and 732 (s.e. 60) g/kg and fat trims 71, 77, 78, 80 and 64 (s.e. 4·5) g/kg. It is concluded that protein supplementation of a silage-based diet did not affect performance or carcass fatness in experiment 1 or carcass fatness in experiment 2, but including 200 or 400 g soya-bean meal per kg concentrate increased performance in experiment 2. Animals given silage produced fatter carcasses than those given dried forage in experiment 2 but not in experiment 1.

The live-weight gain and dry-matter and water intakes of calves offered milk substitute diets at high concentrations

1985 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Ternouth ◽  
I. J. F. Stobo ◽  
J. H. B. Roy ◽  
A. W. Beattie
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Ad Libitum

Thirty-two British Friesian calves were individually offered milk substitutes ad libitum twice daily for 12 weeks. The milks were reconstituted to contain 170, 200, 230 or 260 g dry matter (DM) per kg, using spray-dried skim milk powder and homogenized fat-filled powder containing 500 g fat per kg. Drinking water was available ad libitum at all times. The last two blocks of four calves were used to measure the digestibility, absorption and retention of the constituents of the diets at 2, 6 and 11 weeks of age.The DM intakes of the calves given the four diets were variable but generally increased with increasing DM concentration, mean values being 61·5, 59·5, 66·0 and 73·3 g DM per kg M0.75. As the calves increased in age, their intakes decreased from 67·3 g DM per kg M0.75 at 2 weeks of age to 61·1 g DM per kg M0.75 at 8 weeks of age.The higher DM concentrations and intakes were associated with the higher rates of weight gain; the mean live weights at 12 weeks of age being 121·8, 123·9, 135·3 and 141·6 kg for the calves offered milks reconstituted at 170, 200, 230 and 260 g DM per kg respectively.The concentration of the DM had no effect upon the coefficients of digestion or absorption nor on the retention of energy, protein, calcium or phosphorus. The digestibility of protein increased, whilst the absorption and retention of Ca and P declined with age.Intake of drinking water did not change with age, but was higher for calves given the milk containing 260 g DM per kg than for those given the other three concentrations. The total water intakes were similar for the calves given milks containing 200, 230 and 260 g DM per kg.The linear relationship of DM intake to DM concentration of the milk substitute suggested a lower level of intake in the present experiment, than was observed in a previous experiment (Ternouth, Stobo, Roy and Beattie, 1985b) when the milk concentrations were lower and drinking water was not available. When the concentrations of the DM were re-calculated to take into account the quantity of drinking water consumed, the relationships between DM intake and adjusted DM concentration for the two experiments were similar.

Nitrogen retention in growing lambs fed pelleted diets diluted with cereal straw

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 ◽  
pp. 163-163
Author(s):  
C. Castrillo ◽  
J. Balcells ◽  
J.A. Guada ◽  
M. Fondevilla
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Cereal Straw ◽  
Dietary Concentration ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

There is evidence that in growing lambs, net nitrogen requirements are affected by breed, sex, weight and level of feeding but little is known about the effect of dietary concentration. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine the effect of feeding straw diluted diets on nitrogen retention in Rasa Aragonesa lambs from weaning to slaughter.Eight male lambs, 40-45 days old and 12.3 ± 0.47 kg live weight, were allocated to one of two pelleted diets containing 6 (C) or 23 (D) percent of barley straw and barley, soya bean meal and fish meal to give a crude protein content of 193 (C) and 186 (D) g/ kg dry matter. Both diets were fed ad libitum and nitrogen balances were carried out at 14, 21 and 29 kg live weight. For diet C at the last weight only the balance of two lambs was recorded.The results are shown in table 1. Although the digestible organic matter (DOM) content was higher (P ≤ 0.005) for diet C (690 g/kg DM) than for diet D (606 g/kg DM), DOM intake was not significantly affected by dietary dilution. Nitrogen retention was higher at the lowest live weight for both diets and decreased at each live weight with dietary dilution (P ≤ 0.005). No significant period x diet interaction was found.

Effects of cereal and protein supplements to swedes (Brassica napus) on intake and performance of pregnant and lactating ewes kept indoors

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Vipond ◽  
E. A. Hunter ◽  
Margaret E. King
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTIndividually penned Finnish Landrace × Dorset Horn and Suffolk × Scottish Halfbred ewes were used to study the effects of supplementing diets based on ad libitum swedes. Supplementing a pregnancy diet of ad libitum swedes plus 225 g of hay with 454 g of a barley/soya bean meal supplement per day had no effect on swede intake or ewe performance in terms of the birth weight and survival of lambs born. Level of swede intake during late pregnancy was constant.In early lactation, ewes offered ad libitum swedes plus 225 g hay per day were supplemented with 454 g of either barley or soya bean meal daily. Soya bean meal supplementation resulted in a 014 increase in swede intake to give a daily intake of 113g dry matter per kgM 0·7·5 and a total live-weight gain of 218kg in early lactation compared with a loss of 2·53 kg by barley-supplemented ewes. Lamb daily gain increased by 54g per day. The results are discussed in relation to trends towards the housing of ewes and current feeding practices for lactating ewes.

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